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Biology > SB5 > Flashcards

SB5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganisms that causes a disease.

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2
Q

Communicable

A

A disease that can spread between person caused by microorganisms.

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3
Q

Non-communicable

A

A disease that cannot be passed between people, caused by a problem in the body.

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4
Q

Immune

A

The system that tries to protect the body from diseases.

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5
Q

Health

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

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6
Q

Disease

A

Any change in the normal structure of function of any body part, organ, or system that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms.

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7
Q

Cardiovascular Disease

A

Diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.

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8
Q

BMI

A

Body Mass Index
Uses mass (kg) and height (m) to predict the amount of fat.
BMI of 30+ is considered obese.

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9
Q

Vectors

A

Organisms that spread/carry the pathogen from one to another.

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10
Q

Malaria

A

Pathogen: Plasmodium
Type of Pathogen: Protist
Host: Mosquitoes
Symptoms: Shaking chills, Profuse sweating, Anaemia

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11
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Pathogen: mycobacterium
Type of Pathogen: Bacterium
Host: Body
Symptoms: Coughing, Night Sweat, Fatigue

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12
Q

AIDS

A

Pathogen: HIV
Type of Pathogen: Virus
Host: Body
Symptoms: Soar throat, raised temperature

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13
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Pathogen: E-coli, Salmonella, Shigella
Type of Pathogen: Bacterium
Host: Body
Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, Nausea, Frequent passing of water feces

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14
Q

HIV

A

Pathogen: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Type of Pathogen: Virus
Host: Body
Symptoms: Soar throat, Swollen glands, Body rash

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15
Q

Cholera

A

Pathogen: Cholerae
Type of Pathogen: Bacterium
Host: Humans + Animals
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, Rapid heart beat, Dry mouth

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16
Q

Tobacco

A

Tobacco smoke contains harmful substances that damage the lungs when breathed in.
They can be absorbed into the blood and transported around the body damaging blood vessels.

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17
Q

Waist-hip ratio

A

It is sometimes used instead of the BMI as it only uses the circumference of your waist (where most of the fat is stored) and the circumference of the hip.

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18
Q

Obesity

A

When large amounts of fat form under the skin.

19
Q

Cardio vascular

A

The heart and blood vessels

20
Q

Airborne diseases

A

Diseases that can travel in the air and spread.

21
Q

Function of the capsid of a virus

A

Preitects DNA

22
Q

Genetic material function in virus

A

Help reproduce when a cell is hijacked

23
Q

Function of a tail fibre on a virus

A

Movements

24
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  • virus attacks the host
  • Virus injects it’s DNA into the host cell.
  • Host cell begins to follow virus’ instructions when reproducing.
  • Host cell lyes re are do many viruses in it, so it bursts.
25
Q

Virus

A

A particle that can infect cells and cause cells to make copies of the virus.

26
Q

Physical barriers

A

They block pathogens and stop them from getting past them, or making it difficult to do so.
Skin
Ciliates cells
Mucus

27
Q

Chemical barriers

A

They react with substances in the pathogens and either kill them or make them inactive.
Lysozyme
Hydrochloric acid
Mucus

28
Q

Lysozyme

A

Chemical barrier
Enzyme created by the skin that breaks down cell walls of bacteria.
It reacts with substances in the pathogen to kill it or inactivate it.
Found in tears, saliva and mucus.

29
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

A

Chemical barrier
Reduces the pH of the stomach contents to around 2.
Many pathogens are destroyed at this acidity, only a few are adapted to survive.

30
Q

Skin

A

Physical barrier
Very thick over most of the body.
Makes it difficult for pathogens to get past it.

31
Q

Ciliates cells

A

Physical barrier
They are specialised to move/waft substances across their surfaces using tiny hair-like structures.
They help carry dust and pathogens out of the body or into the throat.
Found in the breathing system.

32
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Longer and sneaky cycle.
Contains a bacteriophage which is a virus that attacks a bacteria.
The bacteriophage injects its DNA hidden in the bacteria’s DNA.
As the host replicates it also replicates virus.
This could trigger the lytic cycle.
Thai then leads to the bacteria to lyse.

33
Q

STIs

A

Sexually transmitted infections

34
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Special white blood cells which are used to combat pathogens if they get into the body.

35
Q

Antibiotic Static

A

These stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying.

Interferes with Bacteria’s mitosis, DNA replication, metabolism and protein production.

36
Q

Antibiotic cidal

A

Prevents Bacteria from creating a cell wall.
No cell wall=Cell death
Punches holes into the cell

37
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotic

A

Attack any bacteria, even useful ones in our stomach.

38
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

Only attack some bacteria and are better to use than broad spectrum bacteria.

39
Q

Who found about antibiotics?

A

Alexander Fleming

40
Q

Some of inhibition

A

Where there is no bacteria or any thing present on the area.

41
Q

4 stages of of making a new drug

A
  1. Lab testing on tissue cultures
  2. Animal testing
  3. Clinical Human testing
  4. Public
42
Q

What does a new drug have to be?

A

Effective
Safe
Easily absorbed and removed form the body
Have minimal effects

43
Q

Hybridoma cells

A

Cells that are made by fusing a lymphocyte and cancer cell.

Biology (1 decks)

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