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GCSE Biology - Paper 1 > SB2 - Cells and Control > Flashcards

SB2 - Cells and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase and Mitosis

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2
Q

Name the five stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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3
Q

List the five stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

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4
Q

Describe what happens during Interphase

A

The stage when the cell prepares itself for the process of cell division, and DNA replication takes place. The cell also makes more of its sub-cellular structures, and increases in size

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5
Q

Describe what happens during each stage of mitosis

A

Prophase - the nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear
Metaphase - the chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell
Anaphase - the separated chromosomes move away from each other
Telophase - the chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell and the nucleus membrane reforms
Cytokinesis - the cytoplasm of the cell is separated as the cell membrane is pinched to divide the cell into two daughter cells

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6
Q

Why is mitosis important for an organism?

A

Mitosis is a process of producing genetically identical, diploid cells, needed for growth

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7
Q

What do we call cells that have one copy of each chromosome?

A

Haploid

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8
Q

Name and example of a cell with only one copy of each chromosome

A

Gametes - egg, sperm, pollen

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9
Q

What do we call cells that have two copies of each chromosome?

A

Diploid

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10
Q

Name and example of a cell with two copies of each chromosome

A

Any body cell - e.g. muscle, epithelial, nerve etc …

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11
Q

Fruit flies have four types of chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in a diploid fruit fly cell?

A

8

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12
Q

Explain why the number of mitochondria in a cell doubles during Interphase

A

So each daughter cell has enough mitochondria / same number of mitochondria as parent cell

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13
Q

What do we call the offspring from asexual reproduction?

A

Clones

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14
Q

What are spindle fibres and what is their function?

A

Filaments formed in a cell during mitosis, which help to separate chromosomes

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15
Q

Give a benefit of asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction produces clones, doesn’t need two parents and is fast method of producing offspring

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16
Q

Give a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction does not provide variation, so a whole population could get killed by one disease

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17
Q

Describe how mitosis produces genetically identical, diploid cells

A

The cell copies each chromosome to produce two sets. Each set of chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell. The cell then splits into two cells, each with a full set of identical chromosomes

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18
Q

Why is each plantlet that grows along a strawberry runner a clone?

A

Because they are genetically identical to the parent plant / have the same chromosomes / DNA / genes as the parent plant

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19
Q

Why does asexual reproduction rely on mitosis?

A

All of the cells of the offspring have to be genetically identical to the parent

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20
Q

How can cancers grow?

A

The cell cycle goes out of control

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21
Q

Describe what a ‘crown gall tumour’ on a rose plant will look like

A

A lump (often brown) on the stem

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22
Q

Explain how crown gall tumours develop

A

There is a change to the cells that causes rapid and uncontrolled cell division

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23
Q

Explain why sperm cells cannot be produced using the cell cycle (2 marks)

A
  1. Cell cycle only produces diploid cells / cells with two sets of chromosomes
  2. Sperm cells / gametes are haploid / contain only one set of chromosomes
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24
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A

Growth is defined as an increase in size due to an increase in the number or size of cells

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25
Q

What are percentile growth curves used for?

A

The graph shows the expected rate of growth of babies of different birth weights and is used to check that a child’s growth is normal

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26
Q

What are the three zones of growth in plants?

A

Zone of cell division (Meristem), zone of elongation and zone of differentiation

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27
Q

Where does cell division happen in the plant?

A

Meristem - zone of cell division

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28
Q

Name the process that changes less specialised cells into more specialised ones

A

Differentiation

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29
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can produce any type of cell

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30
Q

Name the two types of stem cells in animals

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

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31
Q

Describe the difference between the two types of animal stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells can produce any type of specialised cell whilst adult stem cells can only produce the type of specialised cell that is in the tissue around them

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32
Q

Give two advantages of using stem cells to treat people

A
  1. No need to take anti-rejection drugs because cells are genetically identical
  2. No need to find a donor
  3. No need for tissue typing
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33
Q

Give two disadvantages of using stem cells to treat people

A
  1. The stem cells may cause cancer if they continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced the damaged cells
  2. Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with viruses which would be transferred to a patient
  3. There are no guarantees that the therapy will be successful
  4. Lack of stem cell donors
  5. Hard to obtain and store a person’s embryonic stem cells - need to be collected near the start of the pregnancy
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34
Q

What are the ethical problems of using stem cells to treat people or during research?

A
  1. One source of embryonic stem cells is unused embryos produced by in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
  2. Is it right to create embryos for therapy, and destroy them in the process?
  3. Embryos could come to be viewed as a commodity, and not as an embryo that could develop into a person
  4. When should an embryo be regarded as, and treated as, a person?
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35
Q

What are plant stem cells called?

A

Meristem cells

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36
Q

Name two parts of a plant where stem cells can be found

A

Roots and shoots

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37
Q

A cell in the basal layer of the skin contains 46 chromosomes and divides by mitosis to produce new skin cells. After ten successive divisions, how may chromosomes will the basal cell have?

A

46

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38
Q

Complete the sentence: When chromosomes replicate, they produce ……………

A

Chromatids

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39
Q

In which three of the following cells is mitosis unlikely to occur? - A sperm cell, an epithelial cell of a villus, a hair cell, a cell in the red bone marrow, a red blood cell, a lymphocyte, a cell in the basal layer of the skin

A

Sperm cell, red blood cell, lymphocyte

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40
Q

Which structures of a flowering plant give rise to potatoes?

A

A potato is a tuber formed at the end of an underground stem

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41
Q

Which structures of a flowering plant give rise to the fleshy scales of an onion?

A

Onion scales are modified leaves containing a food store

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42
Q

In the process of tissue culture in plants, what is needed to induce the formation of a complete plant, in addition to a growth medium with nutrients?

A

The appropriate plant growth substances (‘hormones’) would need to be added

43
Q

What is defined as ‘a change in the environment that you might need to respond to’

A

A stimulus

44
Q

What is the function of a receptor in the nervous system?

A

Detect stimuli

45
Q

List four stimuli which can be detected by the skin

A

The skin can detect heat, cold, touch and pressure

46
Q

How de we become aware of a stimulus?

A

Never impulses travelling from a receptor to the brain make us aware of a stimulus

47
Q

Name the transparent outer layer found at the front of the eye

A

Cornea

48
Q

Name the layer at the back of the eye that contains light receptor cells

A

Retina

49
Q

Name the hole in the centre of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

50
Q

Which part of the eye contains muscles that control the size of the hole in the centre of the eye?

A

Iris

51
Q

Name the muscles that control the shape of the lens

A

Ciliary muscles

52
Q

Name the nerve that takes information from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

53
Q

True or false? When a bright light shines in the eye impulses travel in the optic nerve

A

True

54
Q

True or false? When a bright light shines in the eye the radial fibres in the iris contract

A

False

55
Q

True or false? When a bright light shines in the eye the retina responds

A

True

56
Q

True or false? When a bright light shines in the eye the pupil becomes smaller

A

True

57
Q

What is the cause of the blind spot in the field of vision?

A

There are no sensory cells in the blind spot

58
Q

Which parts of the eye refract (‘bend’) the light to form an image on the retina?

A

The curved surface of the cornea, and the lens refract the light

59
Q

What do you understand by the term ‘accommodation’?

A

Accommodation is the way the eye can focus either near or distant objects to form a sharp image on the retina

60
Q

What part does the lens play in the ‘accommodation’ process?

A

The lens is made thinner so that light from a distant object is refracted less, or fatter so that light from a close object is refracted more

61
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle and lens for an eye to focus on a distant object?

A

The ciliary muscle relaxes and the lens gets thinner

62
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscle and lens for an eye to focus on a near object?

A

The ciliary muscle contracts and the lens gets thicker

63
Q

What type of colour blindness is most common in men?

A

Red-green colour blindness is the most common form of colour blindness in men

64
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cataract is a cloudy patch on the lens

65
Q

Explain why cataracts cause blurred vision

A

Cataracts stop light from entering the eye as normal so less light reaches the retina

66
Q

What treatment is offered to people with cataracts?

A

The cataract lens can be surgically removed and is replaced by an artificial lens. Only one eye is done at a time so that the person can have vision

67
Q

What kind of eye defect can give rise to short-sightedness?

A

Long eyeballs, large eyeballs, too powerful a lens, or a combination of these defects can give rise to short-sightedness

68
Q

What type of spectacle lens can help correct long-sightedness?

A

Converging (convex or meniscus) lenses can help correct long-sightedness

69
Q

Name the two structures which make up the central nervous system

A

The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord

70
Q

Name the nerve fibres which carry impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system

A

Sensory

71
Q

Name the nerve fibres which carry impulses from the central nervous system to glands and muscles

A

Motor

72
Q

How can we tell which part of the body a sensory nerve impulse comes from?

A

Each part of the body is connected to its own region of the brain

73
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

To carry the nerve impulse away from the cell body

74
Q

Explain why some axons have myelin sheaths

A

To speed up nerve impulses (it insulates the axon)

75
Q

Describe the transmission of information from the stimulus of rods and cones in a dog’s eye when it sees a cat, to the dog’s muscles (via the CNS) as it responds and runs after the cat

A

Rods and cones (stimulus) - sensory - neurone / optic nerve - CNS (relay neurone) - motor neurone - muscle cells (response)

76
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast, automatic response to a stimulus

77
Q

Explain why neurones can deliver information very quickly

A

The signal is transmitted by electrical impulses

78
Q

Explain why doctors use electrical impulses to stimulate different parts of the brain

A

To find out what different parts of the brain do

79
Q

What is the gap between two nerves called?

A

A synapse

80
Q

Name the chemicals that are involved in sending signals from one cell to another

A

Neurotransmitters

81
Q

How do nerve impulses travel from one nerve to another?

A

The neurotransmitter is released by the axon of one neurone and diffuses across the gap to the dendrite of the other neurone. The neurotransmitter is absorbed into the dendrite which sets off an electrical impulse down the neurone

82
Q

Name the reflex reaction that protects the eye from too much light?

A

Iris reflex - change in size of the pupil of the eye in response to light intensity

83
Q

Give examples of two other reflex actions

A

Blinking in response to foreign particles on the cornea, coughing or sneezing in response to irritation of the nasal passages and trachea or bronchi, knee jerk in response to a blow on the tendon of the leg extensor muscle, rapid removal of the hand from a hot or sharp object

84
Q

Write the order of neurones that a nerve impulse travels through during a reflex arc

A

Sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone

85
Q

Which type of neurone has many short dendrites which carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body, and along a long axon to an effector cell?

A

Motor neurone

86
Q

Which type of neurone has one long dendron which carries nerve impulses from a receptor cell, past the cell body and down a short axon to the CNS?

A

Sensory neurone

87
Q

Which type of neurone has many short dendrites that carry nerve impulses from a sensory neurone to the cell body and along a short axon to a motor neurone?

A

Relay neurone

88
Q

What is the receptor in a reflex knee-jerk?

A

A stretch receptor in the leg extensor muscle

89
Q

What is the effector in a reflex knee-jerk?

A

The leg extensor muscle

90
Q

Name the largest region of the brain

A

Cerebrum

91
Q

What is the function of the largest region of the brain?

A

Right hemisphere controls muscles on left side of body. Left hemisphere controls muscles on right side of body. Different areas of the cerebrum are responsible for different things (e.g. memory, language and vision)

92
Q

Where is the cerebellum found in the brain?

A

Back of brain

93
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

94
Q

Which part of the brain is found at the base of the brain, at the top of the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata

95
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Control of unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate

96
Q

Name the two types of scans that doctors can use to study the brain

A

CT scans and PET scans

97
Q

Which type of scanner is used to show brain activity?

A

PET scan

98
Q

Which type of scanners uses X-rays to produce an image of the brain?

A

CT scanners

99
Q

Which type of scanners needs patients to be injected with a radioactive tracer?

A

PET scans

100
Q

Which type of scanners can only produce still pictures of the brain?

A

CT scanners

101
Q

What can lower spinal cord damage cause?

A

Loss of feeling and use of the legs

102
Q

What can damage to the spinal cord in the neck cause?

A

Loss of use of both arms and legs (quadriplegia)

103
Q

Explain why a brain tumour can stop parts of the brain from working

A

As the brain tumour grows, it squashes the parts of the brain around it

104
Q

How can brain tumours be treated?

A

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

GCSE Biology - Paper 1 (5 decks)

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