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GCSE Biology - Paper 1 + 2 Quick Questions (ones got wrong) > SB1: Key Concepts In Biology > Flashcards

SB1: Key Concepts In Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Small, simple cells without a nucleus

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2
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Single-celled prokaryotic organisms

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3
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Complex cells that contain nucleus and other sub cellular structures

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4
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

Controls activities of the cell

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5
Q

Name the sub cellular structure where respiration takes place

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

Which stage of protein synthesis are ribosomes involved in?

A

Second stage (translation)

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

A rigid structure that supports and strengthens plant cells

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8
Q

What is cell sap made from?

A

Weak solution of sugar and salts dissolved in water

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9
Q

What is the function of the solution contained inside the vacuole?

A

To maintain internal pressure of a cell, to provide support

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10
Q

What is the function of the chlorophyll contained inside chloroplasts?

A

To absorb light energy needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

Name the parts of a bacterial cell

A 
~ cytoplasm 
~ cell membrane
~ cell wall
~ singular circular strand of chromosomal DNA
~ plasmid DNA
~ flagellum
~ ribosomes
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12
Q

Name the part of a bacterial cell that controls the cells replication

A

Singular circular strand of chromosomal DNA

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13
Q

Name the small loops of DNA found in many bacterial cells

A

Plasmids

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14
Q

What type of information is contained within the plasmids?

A

Drug resistance

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15
Q

Describe what a flagellum is

A

Long hair-like structures

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16
Q

Give two reasons why bacterial cells find it beneficial to have a flagellum

A

(1) move towards areas of beneficial condition eg. Those high in nutrients and oxygen
(2) can move away from areas of harmful conditions eg. Chemicals, heat

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17
Q

Explain why multicellular organisms contain many different types of cells

A

Each individual cell cannot carry out every life process so cells become specialised to do different jobs

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18
Q

What word is used to describe these different types of cells?

A

Specialised

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19
Q

What is the structure of each type of cell related to?

A

It’s specific function

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20
Q

Name the four types of animal cells that you need to know how their structure s linked to their specific function

A

~ egg cell
~ sperm cell
~ small intestine cell
~ ciliated epithelial cell

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21
Q

Name five adaptations of a sperm cell

A 
~ long tail
~ streamlined shape
~ mitochondria concentrated area at base of tail
~ acrosome
~ haploid nucleus of male DNA
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22
Q

Name the adaptation that propels a sperm cell forward

A

The tail

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23
Q

Name the adaptation that provides the energy for the tail

A

Mitochondria concentrated area at base of tail

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24
Q

Name the adaptation that makes it easier for a sperm cell to move

A

Streamlined shape

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25
Q

Name the part of the sperm cell that contains enzymes

A

Acrosome

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26
Q

What is the function of the enzymes found in the acrosome?

A

To digest the cell membrane of the egg

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27
Q

Where is the acrosome found?

A

In the front tip of the head

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28
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To transport male DNA to female DNA found in the egg

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29
Q

Name three adaptations of the egg cell

A

~ high nutrient content
~ haploid nucleus
~ cell membrane can change structure

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30
Q

Name one adaptation that both sperm cells and egg cells share?

A

Haploid nucleus

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31
Q

Explain why both sperm and egg cells have a haploid nucleus?

A

So the zygote has correct number of chromosomes (46)

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32
Q

What adaptation happens straight after fertilisation (in egg cell)?

A

The cell membrane changes structure

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33
Q

Explain why egg cells are very large cells

A

They contain a large amount of nutrients in the cytoplasm to provide nourishment to developing embryo

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34
Q

Name two functions of an egg cell

A

(1) to carry the female DNA

(2) to nourish developing embryo

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35
Q

Name two adaptations of an egg cell that ensure a resulting embryo has the correct number of chromosomes

A

(1) haploid nucleus

(2) membrane that changes structure after one sperm has entered

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36
Q

Which cell is found in the airways?

A

Ciliated (epithelial) cells

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37
Q

What is the main adaptation of a ciliated (epithelial) cell?

A

Hair-like structures on the top surface of the cell

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38
Q

What is the function of the hair-like structures on a ciliated (epithelial) cell?

A

To move substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue

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39
Q

Explain why ciliated (epithelial) cells contain a high number of mitochondria

A

To provide enough energy to move the cilia

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40
Q

Where in a female body are ciliated (epithelial) cells found?

A

Fallopian tubes/oviduct

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41
Q

What is the role of specialised cells found in the small intestine?

A

To absorb molecules through intestinal wall

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42
Q

Name the sub cellular structures that increase the rate that small intestine cells absorb molecules through the intestinal walls

A

Microvilli

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43
Q

Explain how the microvilli in small intestine cells are adapted to their function

A

They increase the surface area of the cell

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44
Q

When was the first microscope (light microscope) developed?

A

1590s

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45
Q

What can we see using a microscope?

A

Individual cells and large sub cellular structures

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46
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

x 1500

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47
Q

What is the maximum resolution (in mm) of a light microscope?

A

0.0001mm

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48
Q

How would you write 0.0001mm in standard form?

A

1 x 10^-4m

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49
Q

How would you write 0.0001mm in nanometres?

A

100nm

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50
Q

How do light microscopes form an image?

A

Using light and lenses

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51
Q

Write one picometre in standard form

A

1 x 10^-12m

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52
Q

Write one nanometre in standard form

A

1 x 10^-9m

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53
Q

Write 6 micrometres in standard form

A

6 x 10^-6m

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54
Q

Convert 6mm into nanometres

A

6,000,000nm or 6 x 10^6nm

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55
Q

When was the electron microscope developed?

A

1930s

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56
Q

How does the electron microscope form an image?

A

Uses beams of electrons passing through a specimen

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57
Q

What is the maximum resolution (in mm) of an electron microscope?

A

0.0000002mm

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58
Q

What is the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?

A

x 2,000,000

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59
Q

Explain why electron microscopes show more detail than light microscopes

A

Greater magnification and greater resolution

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60
Q

When preparing a slide, what is first placed on a clean slide?

A

Drop of water

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61
Q

Explain the function of putting a drop of water on a slide

A

To secure the specimen in place

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62
Q

What stain would you use when preparing a slide of onion skin?

A

Iodine

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63
Q

What stain would you use when preparing a slide of cheek cells?

A

Methyl blue

64
Q

Which objective lens should be chosen first?

A

Lowest magnification

65
Q

What part of the microscope would you use first to move the stage?

A

Coarse adjustment knob

66
Q

Where should the stage be placed before looking down the eyepiece?

A

Just below objective lens

67
Q

Which part of the microscope should be used to bring the image roughly into focus?

A

Coarse adjustment knob

68
Q

What direction should the coarse adjustment knob be moved in to bring the image roughly into focus?

A

Downwards

69
Q

What should be moved to bring the image into clear focus?

A

Fine adjustment knob

70
Q

What should you do if you want to see the image at a higher magnification?

A

Swap to higher powered objective lens and refocus

71
Q

Compare today’s light microscope with Hooke’s

A

Modern light microscope: contains barrel with two lenses, uses light, magnification up to x1500, resolution down to 0.0001mm
Hooke’s microscope: contains barrel with two lenses, uses light, magnification up to x30, resolution down to 0.002mm

72
Q

What do enzymes act as?

A

Biological catalysts

73
Q

What type of molecule are enzymes?

A

Proteins

74
Q

What gives each type of enzyme a unique shape?

A

The way the chain of amino acids folds up

75
Q

What are the molecules that interact with the enzyme called?

A

Substrate

76
Q

What is the uniquely shaped section of an enzyme called?

A

The active site

77
Q

What happens at the active site?

A

The substate fits into the active site

78
Q

What does ‘high specificity’ for a substrate mean?

A

The enzyme will only interact with the specific substrate that matches the shape of it’s active site

79
Q

Explain why increasing temperature will usually increase the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction

A

The reactants have more energy, so they move around more and collide more often with enough energy for a reaction to take place

80
Q

Explain why enzymes will stop working if they get too hot

A

Some bonds holding the protein structure of the enzyme in place will break and change the shape of the enzyme. If the shape of the active site is changed it will stop working because the substrate will no longer fit into the active site

81
Q

What temperature do human enzymes work at?

A

37-38˚C

82
Q

At what temperatures do most human enzymes stop working?

A

45˚C

83
Q

Explain why the higher the concentration of a substrate, the quicker the reaction

A

The higher the concentration, the more likely that the enzyme will collide with and interact with the substrate molecule

84
Q

When does the concentration of a substrate no longer affect the rate of reaction?

A

When the number of substrate molecules is greater than the number of enzyme active sites/when all enzyme active sites are full

85
Q

How does pH affect an enzyme if it is too high or too low??

A

pH affects bonds holding enzymes together therefore changing their shape and active site. The enzyme becomes denatured.

86
Q

When investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase, what equipment would you need?

A 
~ spotting tile
~ dropping pipette 
~ iodine solution 
~ (Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze, heatproof mat) or (water bath)
~ 250ml beaker
~ boiling tube
~ 5ml syringes 
~ test tube holder
~ stopwatch
87
Q

What chemicals are used when investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase?

A

~ iodine solution
~ pH buffers - pH 1 - pH 12
~ starch solution
~ amylase solution

88
Q

Why is it important to repeat the investigation of the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase three times?

A

To produce a more accurate average time after removing outliers

89
Q

Name the independent variable when investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase

A

The pH of buffer solutions

90
Q

Name the dependent variable when investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase

A

The time taken for starch to be digested/ iodine solution to stay brown

91
Q

State the control variables when investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase

A

~ the same temperature of water in beaker/water bath
~ same volume of amylase solution, pH buffer and starch solution
~ same concentration of amylase solution, starch solution and iodine solution

92
Q

State the equation to calculate the rate of reaction of the enzymes when investigating the effect of pH on the action of the enzyme amylase

A

Rate of reaction = 1000 / time

93
Q

At pH6, it takes amylase 90 seconds to digest a starch solution. Calculate the rate of reaction

A

1000 / 90 = 11s^-1

94
Q

State the equation used to calculate the rate of reaction of an enzyme

A

Rate of reaction = change / time

95
Q

An enzyme produces 24cm^3 of a gas over 50 seconds. Calculate the rate of reaction

A

24 / 50 = 0.48cm^3

96
Q

What is the function of a pH buffer?

A

To maintain constant pH throughout the reaction, therefore maintain constant conditions in the boiling tube

97
Q

Name three main groups of big biological molecules that are essential for life

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

98
Q

What do organisms need to do to use carbohydrates, proteins and lipids for life processes such as growth?

A

Break them down into their smaller components

99
Q

Name the type of enzyme that digests carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrases

100
Q

Name the type of enzyme that digests carbohydrates found in saliva

A

Amylase

101
Q

What big molecule is digested by amylase?

A

Starch

102
Q

What is starch broken down into?

A

Maltose and other simple sugars e.g. glucose

103
Q

Describe the molecules produced by digestion

A

Small and soluble

104
Q

Name the type of enzyme that digests proteins

A

Proteases

105
Q

Where are proteases found in the body?

A

In the stomach/ gastric juices

106
Q

What are proteins broken down into when they are digested?

A

Amino acids

107
Q

What are lipids broken down into by lipase?

A

Three fatty acids and one glycerol

108
Q

Where are lipase and carbohydrase found together in the body?

A

Intestines

109
Q

In addition to breaking down molecules, name another function of enzymes in the body

A

Synthesis of new molecules

110
Q

Name the two groups of sugars that can be tested for

A

~ reducing sugars (eg. Glucose)

~ non-reducing sugars (eg. Sucrose)

111
Q

Describe how you would prepare a solid food sample for testing its content of sugars, starch and proteins (4 marks)

A
  1. Break up food in a pestle and mortar
  2. Transfer the ground up food into a beaker and add some distilled water
  3. Stir the mixture vigorously
  4. Let mixture to settle and pipette out some of the liquid to use as the sample
112
Q

Name the test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s test

113
Q

What is a positive result for reducing sugars?

A

Solution changes from normal blue colour to green, yellow to red. The higher the concentration of reducing sugar, the further the colour change goes

114
Q

Explain why the water bath is set at 75˚C for the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

A

To speed up the rate of reaction and therefore any colour change

115
Q

Explain why each food sample should be heated for the same amount of time in the Benedict’s test for reducing sugars?

A

So the results can be compared - to make it a fair test

116
Q

Name the test for starch

A

Iodine solution

117
Q

Describe a positive result for the food test for starch

A

Solution turns blue/black colour

118
Q

What colour is a negative result for the iodine solution test for starch?

A

Yellow/brown colour

119
Q

Name the test for proteins

A

Biuret test

120
Q

Name two chemicals used to test food for protein

A

Potassium hydroxide and copper (II) sulfate solution

121
Q

Describe a positive result for protein in food

A

Changes from blue to purple/lilac/pink

122
Q

Describe a negative result for protein in food

A

Remains blue

123
Q

Name the test for lipids

A

Emulsion test

124
Q

How do you prepare a sample of solid food to be tested for lipids?

A

Grind it up in a pestle and mortar

125
Q

What substance is added to the food sample in a test tube?

A

Ethanol

126
Q

After shaking, what is added to the food sample in a test tube after ethanol?

A

Distilled water

127
Q

Describe a positive result for the Emulsion test for lipids

A

Precipitate is seen as a milky emulsion

128
Q

Name the type of experiments that can be used to work out the energy in different foods

A

Calorimetry

129
Q

Some foods were burnt to find out how much energy they contained. Explain how this experiment shows how much energy a food contains (2 marks)

A

The higher the temperature rise of the water, the more energy is contained within the food

130
Q

State the equation to calculate the total amount of energy in the burned food

A

Energy in food (J) = mass of water (g) x temperature change of water (˚C) x 4.2

131
Q

Explain why it is important to calculate the energy per gram of food when burning it to test the energy

A

To be able to compare the results of each food - food samples are not exactly the same mass

132
Q

Explain why results from burning foods to find their energy is only an estimation

A

Energy is lost to the surroundings and the test tube instead of being transferred to the water

133
Q

How do substances pass into and out of cells?

A

Diffusion, osmosis and active transport

134
Q

How do smells spread?

A

Diffusion

135
Q

Cells have partially permeable membranes. What does this mean?

A

The membranes only let some molecules through but not others

136
Q

What type of molecules can move through partially permeable membranes?

A

Very small molecules

137
Q

Describe the movement of particles in fluids

A

Random

138
Q

Give a definition of osmosis

A

The net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

139
Q

State the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane separating distilled water on one side and sucrose solution on the other side

A

From distilled water into the sucrose solution

140
Q

If a cell is short of water what happens to the concentration of the solution inside?

A

It becomes more concentrated

141
Q

What happens to animal cells that gain too much water?

A

They burst

142
Q

What happens to plant cells that gain too much water?

A

They become turgid (swollen)

143
Q

State the name for the process where particles can move against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

144
Q

Explain how cells can absorb ions from dilute solutions

A

Energy transferred from respiration is used to move ions from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration/ against a concentration gradient

145
Q

Name a plant cell that relies on active transport to absorb minerals

A

Root hair cell

146
Q

Name an animal cell that relies on active transport to absorb glucose

A

Small intestine epithelial cell

147
Q

Using three different concentrations of sucrose solution, describe how you could investigate their effect on parsnip cells (6 marks)

A
  1. Use a cork borer to cut a parsnip into the same sized pieces eg. 1cm x 2cm cylinders
  2. Divide the cylinders into groups of three and use a balance to measure the mass of each group
  3. Place 100cm^3 of each sucrose solution into separate beakers, and place a group of cylinders into each solution
  4. Leave the cylinders in the solutions for one hour
  5. Remove the cylinders and gently pat dry with paper towels
  6. Use the balance to measure the new mass of each group
148
Q

Name the dependent variable when testing the effect on parsnip cells in three different concentrations of sucrose solution

A

The cylinder mass

149
Q

Name the control variables when testing the effect on parsnip cells in three different concentrations of sucrose solution

A 
~ same volume of solution 
~ amount cylinders are dried
~ size of cylinders
~ age + type of parsnips
~ time cylinders are left in sugar solutions
150
Q

State the equation to calculate percentage change in mass when testing the effect on parsnip cells in three different concentrations of sucrose solution

A

((Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass) x 100

151
Q

A group of cylinders weighed 14.3g at the start of an osmosis experiment and 17.4g at the end. Calculate the percentage change in mass

A

((Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass) x 100

((17.4 - 14.3) / 14.3) x 100 = 21.7%

152
Q

How do you find the concentration of a parsnip cell after plotting the percentage change in mass against the concentration of sucrose solution in an osmosis experiment? (2 marks)

A
  1. Draw line of best

2. Find point at which the line of best fit crosses the x-axis

153
Q

Describe an adaptation of a fat cell

A

Large amount of fat stored in droplets in the cell

154
Q

Explain how red blood cells are specially adapted to carry oxygen around the body

A

No nucleus makes more room for haemoglobin which combines with oxygen

155
Q

Describe the special feature of muscle cells that allow them to contract

A

Contains proteins that contract to shorten the cell

156
Q

Describe how the cells that line the gut are specialised to absorb nutrients

A

~ microvilli increase their surface area

~ contain mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

157
Q

Explain how nerve cells are adapted to their function

A

~ long fibre that carries electrical impulses around the body
~ many short connections to link to other nerve cells
~ myelin sheath to insulate impulse as it travels along the axon

GCSE Biology - Paper 1 + 2 Quick Questions (ones got wrong) (4 decks)

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