SB1 - Key Concepts in Biology ✓ Flashcards
SB1a - How do you calculate Actual Size?
Image Size / Magnification
SB1a - How do you calculate total magnification in a light microscope?
Objective Lens x Eyepiece Lens
SB1a - List 3 differences between Light and Electron Microscopes
Electron microscopes produce a much higher resolution image due to the shorter wavelength of electrons
Light Microscopes can show a true colour whereas electron microscopes will show a black and white image since electrons don’t have a colour spectrum
Light microscopes can use a live specimen whereas electron microscopes have to use dead specimens due to electrons having to pass through a vacuum
SB1a - What 2 things determine how good a microscope is at showing small details?
Magnification: How much it can zoom in
Resolution: The smallest distance between two distinctly different points
SB1a - What has the development of the electron microscope allowed us to do?
It has allowed us to see sub-cellular structures as they have a much more powerful resolution and magnification
SB1b - How are animal cells different to plant cells?
Animal cells, do not have cell walls, chloroplasts or vacuoles like plants do.
They only have nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm and a cell surface membrane.
SB1b - Describe the function of each of these subcellular organisms in Eukaryotic cell:
Cell Membrane -
Nucleus -
Cytoplasm -
Mitochondria -
Ribosomes -
Cell Wall -
Chloroplasts-
Vacuole -
Cell membrane: controls what enters and leaves the cell
Nucleus: contains DNA that controls cell activities
Cytoplasm: fills the cell and where reactions occur
Mitochondria: Where respiration takes place
Ribosomes: Where protein synthesis takes place Plant only:
Cell wall: Protects the cell
Chlorplasts: Contain chlorophyll used in photosynthesis
Vacuole: Stores cell sap
SB1b CP - How do you use use a microscope?
Put a thin sample of tissue (e.g. onion epidermis) onto a microscope slide
Add a few drops of a suitable stain/dye (e.g. iodine), so that the sample can be seen
Place a coverslip on top of the tissue and place the slide onto the microscope stage.
Use the objective lens with the lowest magnification, and focus on the sample.
Increase the magnification and refocus to see different features of the cell.
If you record the image you see, note down the magnification it was taken at
SB1c - What are the adaptations of the following cells:
Egg cell
Sperm cell
Cilliated epithelial cell
Cells lining the small intestine
Egg cell: Has a haploid nucleus, with a special cell membrane to allow only one sperm cell in and many nutrients in its cytoplasm
Sperm cell: Has an acrosome with enzymes to penetrate the egg cell with lots of mitochondria and a tail to swim
Ciliated epithelial cell: Lined with cilia and packed with mitochondria this allows the cell to have a ‘wavy’ movement to move an egg along
Microvilli: The cells lining the small intestine have small folds called microvilli which increase its surface area making absorption easier
SB1d - What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A prokaryotic cell will not contain a nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts
Eukaryotic cells can be up to x1000 times larger than a Prokaryotic Cell
SB1c - What is the function of a gamete?
Gametes are sex cells used in reproduction.
Examples are sperm and egg cell
SB1d - What are the functions of structures in bacteria?
Single loop of DNA: Contains chromosomes and genes
Plasmids: Contain additional genes
Flagellum: Used to propel the bacteria
Flexible cell wall: for support
Cytoplasm: Containing prokaryotic ribosomes
SB1e - What are enzymes and what are they made up of made up of?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions.
They break down proteins/substances called substrates.
Enzymes are made up of amino acids and they are proteins.
They are needed to speed up reactions we cannot live without
SB1e - What are the three main nutrient based enzymes? Where are they found and what do they do?
Amylase: Found in saliva. breaks down starch into Sugar
Protease: Found in the stomach, breaks down proteins into amino acids
Lipase: Found in the stomach and pancreas, breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
SB1e - What is a polymer?
A polymer is a chain of single substances called monomers.
The formation of a polymer is called synthesis.
Enzymes often break down polymers into monomers