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Biology > SB1 > Flashcards

SB1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you work out magnification?

A

Total magnification = objective lens x eye piece lens

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

Resolution is the smallest distance between 2 points that can still be seen as 2 points

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3
Q

What are the differences between a light and electron microscope?

A

Light microscope use light and lenses to form an image
See individual cells and large sub cellular structures

Electron microscopes use beams of electrons that pass through a specimen to build up an image
Higher magnification than light microscopes
Allow us to see cells with great detail and clarity

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4
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that has a nucleus
E.g. plant and animal cells

A prokaryotic cell is are cells that have no nucleus

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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6
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

It contains a watery jelly and is where most of the cell’s chemical processes happen

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Generates most chemical energy through respiration for the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Produce new proteins for a cell

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10
Q

Why is the function of the nucleus membrane and pores?

A

Filters what enters and leaves the nucleus

Protection

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11
Q

What is the function of the cell wall in a plant cell?

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose. It supports the cell and strengthens it

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12
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

It stores food and sap

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13
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

This is where photosynthesis occurs where it makes food for the plant.
They contain a green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis

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14
Q

What is the difference of a specialised cell?

A

Specialised cells have a specific function and are adapted to their functions

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15
Q

What is differentiation?

A

It is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

Undifferentiated cells are called stem cells

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16
Q

How is the sperm cell specialised?

A

Has a streamlined head, which carries enzymes,to help it swim to the egg
It’s tail helps the sperm to move to fertilise the egg
In the nucleus, it contains half the genetic information (23 chromosomes in a human= haploid)
Acrosomes contains special chemicals to help the sperm burrow into and fuse with the egg

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17
Q

How are the villi and microvilli specialised?

A 
Found in the small intestine
Increase surface area
Rich blood supply
More digested substances absorbed 
Thin walls which are 1 cell thick to move substances into the blood
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18
Q

How is the egg cell specialised?

A

Jelly coat - protects the egg and hardens after fertilisation to stop more sperm from entering
Nucleus - contains half the genetic information
Cytoplasm - full of nutrients to supply the egg with nutrients and raw materials
Cell surface membrane - becomes hard after fertilisation

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19
Q

How is the ciliated epithelial cell specialised?

A

Fond in the oviduct to help move the egg cell
Also found in the airways to help move mucus
Epithelial cells line the body
Special cilia can sway side to side in a wave movement to help move things

20
Q

Are bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic as their cells don’t have a nuclei, chromosomes, mitochondria or chloroplasts

21
Q

What controls the cell’s activities in a prokaryotic cell?

A

The cytoplasm contains one large loop of chromosomal DNA

There also smaller loops of DNA called plasmids

22
Q

What is the function of the slime coat?

A

The slime coat is for protection

23
Q

What is the function of the flagellum?

A

Helps the bacteria move however, it’s not on all

24
Q

What is the function of the cell wall on the bacteria?

A

The cell wall is for support but it’s not made out of cellulose and is also flexible

25
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An enzyme is a special group of proteins that are found throughout the body

All proteins are made up of a chain amino acids

26
Q

What are enzymes?

A

An enzyme is a biological catalyst that increase the rate of reaction

27
Q

What is synthesis?

A

This is the building of larger molecules (e.g. complex carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) from small subunits

28
Q

What is amylase?

A

Found in the saliva and small intestine

Breaks down starch to small sugars

29
Q

What is catalase?

A

Found in most cells but especially in liver cells

Breaks down hydrogen peroxide

30
Q

What is starch synthase?

A

Found in plants

Synthesis of starch from glucose

31
Q

What does trypsin do?

A

Breaks down protein

32
Q

How do you test for carbohydrates?

A

Iodine solution

Changes from an orange-browny colour to a blue/black colour if carbohydrates are present

33
Q

How do you test for sugars?

A

Benedicts test
Add a couple of drops to a food sample and place in a hot bath for a few minutes
If the food sample is…
Blue= no reducing sugars, Green= very little reducing sugars, Yellow= more reducing sugars, Red= lots of reducing sugars

34
Q

How do you test for protein?

A

Mix potassium hydroxide with a solution of food
Add some drops of copper sulfate and gently shake
If there is protein present it will turn from a pale blue colour to purple

35
Q

How do you test for fats?

A

Ethanol emulsion test
Food mixed with ethanol and shaken
Mixture poured into water and shook again
Fats dissolved in ethanol float to surface which forms a cloudy emulsion

36
Q

How do you work out the amount of energy released?

A

= mass of water x change in temperature x 4.2/ mass of food (g)

37
Q

Why do enzymes have a specific shape?

A

They have a specific shape so they can catalyse reactions

38
Q

What is the active site?

A

Every enzyme has an active site with a unique shape that fits onto a substance
Only catalyse one specific reaction
If the substrate doesn’t match the enzyme’s active site, then the reaction won’t be catalysed

39
Q

What is the lock and key model?

A

There are 2 different substrate molecules
The active site holds the substrate molecules together in the right position for bonds to form between them
This makes a product molecule

The product molecule no longer fits into the active site as its a slightly different shape

40
Q

What happens if the temperature increases?

A

It increases the rate at first as the molecules move faster but if it’s too hot, the bonds will break and change the shape of the enzyme’s active site as it would have passed the optimum point it works best at

The enzyme is denatured

41
Q

What happens if the pH is changed?

A

The pH interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together which changes the shake of the active site and denatures the enzyme

42
Q

How does concentration affect the rate of enzymes?

A

At low concentrations, enzymes have empty active sites so rate of reaction is so low

At high concentrations, enzyme’s active sites are filled so the rate of reaction is fast

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion if the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Dissolved substances can move in and out of cells by diffusion but only very small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

44
Q

What happens in osmosis?

A

Water particles move across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
Only tiny particles can fit through
Solvent flows from a dilute solution of a solute to a more concentrated one

45
Q

Cells may need to transport molecules against a concentration gradient or molecules that are too big to diffuse through the cell membrane.

How can they do this?

A

They can do this by active transport

The process is carried out by transport proteins which capture certain molecules and carry them across the cell membrane

46
Q

Which are passive processes…

Diffusion, osmosis or active transport?

A

Active transport is an active process so it requires energy

Osmosis and diffusion are passive processes so the don’t require energy

Biology (1 decks)

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