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GCSE Biology > SB1 > Flashcards

SB1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does eukaryotic mean and give examples?

A

Cells with a nucleus
.Plants
.animal

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2
Q

What does prokaryotic mean and give examples?

A

Cells without a nucleus

.Bacterial

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3
Q

What are the different parts of an animal cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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4
Q

What are the parts of a plant cell that you don’t find in an animal cell?

A
  • Cell Wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplast
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5
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs and ATP is produced.

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein is made and protein synthesis occurs.

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cell and contains DNA.

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose and provides strength to the cell and supports it.

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9
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis occurs providing food for the plant, contains chlorophyll pigment which harvests light for photosynthesis, also makes the plant green.

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10
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and improves cell rigidity.

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11
Q

Describe the parts of a bacteria cell.

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell Wall
  • Chromosomal DNA
  • Flagella
  • Plasmids
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12
Q

What is the function of Plasmids?

A

Small rings of DNA, that code for extra genes to those provided by chromosomal DNA.

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13
Q

Where do you find DNA in bacterial cells?

A

Circular chromosomal DNA floats in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What are features of a sperm cell?

A
  • Streamlined Shape
  • Nucleus
  • Acrosome(contains enzymes that break down egg coat, allowing it to burrow inside it)
  • Large number of mitochondria
  • Flagellum
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15
Q

What are the features of an egg cell?

A

-Cell membrane can change shape to stop other sperm cells from entering.
-Cytoplasm contains nutrients to supply the embryo
-Haploid nucleus
-Jelly coat protects the
egg cell.

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16
Q

What are the features of a Ciliated Epithelial Cell?

A
  • Cilia on top of the surface of the cell, it moves substances in one direction along the surface of the tissue.
  • It helps move mucus and trapped air particles so it can reach he lungs.
  • Also is found in oviduct lining cells, the cilia covers the cell membrane and contain strands of a substance that can contract and cause wavy movement which means in the can safely transport egg cell towards the nucleus.
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17
Q

What is the difference of a haploid and diploid?

A

Haploid has half the set of chromosomes whilst diploid has the full amount.

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18
Q

What is the equation for Microscopes?

A

I/A*M
Image Size= Actual Size * Magnification
Actual Size= Image Size/Magnification
Magnification=Image Size/Actual Size

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19
Q

Convert 0.5mm to micrometres.

A

0.5*100=5000

20
Q

A red blood cell is 8 µm in diameter. How big will its diameter be if magnified ×2000?

A

8*2000=16000

21
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst made up of proteins that speeds up a reaction that makes or breaks a substance without ever being used up itself.

22
Q

Explain how the lock and key model links to the active site of an enzyme?

A

The active site is designed to only allow in the substrate that fits it specifically, otherwise it won’t work.

23
Q

How do you work out rate of reaction?

A

1/time in seconds

24
Q

What factors can affect rate of reaction of an enzyme?

A
  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of enzyme
25
Q

How can an increase of heat affect how an enzyme functions?

A

As the heat increases, the rate of a reaction usually increases but after an enzyme has reached its optimum temperature it will then begin to denature as the bonds holding the enzyme together break apart causing the active site to change shape so it can’t fit with a substrate and function.

26
Q

Rate of Reaction for an enzyme is…

A

Amount of substrate used or amount of product formed/ time taken

27
Q

How can a change in pH affect the how an enzyme functions?

A

If the pH is too high or low, the forces that hold the amino acid chains that make up the protein will be affected, this changes the shape of the active site so the substrate can no longer fit in.

28
Q

What are the different types of enzymes?

A

protease-breaks down proteins(found in stomach) (pH 2/3)
lipase-breaks down lipids(pH7)
carbohydrase-breaks down carbohydrates(pH6/7)
amylase-breaks down starch, found in saliva in the mouth (pH6/7)

29
Q

Explain the Iodine test for starch.

A

Start- yellow/orange

End- blue/black if contains starch

30
Q

Explain the Benedicts test for reducing sugars.

A 
Start-blue
End-blue( no sugar)
green (some)
orange(lot)
reds( a very large amount)
31
Q

Explain the Buiret test for protein.

A

no protein-blue

protein-purple

32
Q

Explain the Ethanol test for lipids (fats and oils)

A

start- clear, transparent solution

end- (If lipids are present)clear with a cloudy white suspension on top ( the precipitate)

33
Q

What is Calorimetry?

A

A way to measure the energy taken in and given out during a chemical reaction. This measures calories in food.

34
Q

What would you do to measure calorimetry in food?

A

1) Take the temperature of 50ml cold water
2) Place the test tube at 45 degrees and hold a burning food sample beneath it
3) When the food is burned up, record the final temperature of the water

35
Q

What is the equation for energy released from food per gram (J)?

A

mass of water(g) temp rise4.2/ mass of food sample (g)

36
Q

A student burned 0.2g of popcorn and 0.5g of bread separately under 20cm3 of water. During the experiment, the temperature of the water increased by 28.6oC when the popcorn was burnt and 38.7oC when the bread was burnt. Which food has more energy per unit mass?

A

1) First you need to find the amount of energy in each type of food?
Popcorn Energy= 2028.64.2=2402.4J

Bread Energy= 2038.74.2=3250.8J

2) Then convert it into joules per gram
Popcorn-2402.4/0.2=12012 J
Bread-3250.8/0.5=6501.6 J
Therefore the popcorn has more energy per mass

37
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from high to low concentration, it goes along the concentration gradient, it is a passive way of transport

38
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of particles (water) through solution from an area of high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane, it goes along the concentration gradient, it’s a passive way of transport.

39
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

The movement of particles from a cell membrane from low to high concentration against the concentration gradient which therefore requires energy, the molecule sticks to the transporter protein which then changes shape and carries the molecule across the cell membrane, it’s an active way of transport.

40
Q

What is the difference of passive transport and active transport?

A

Passive-no energy required

Active- energy is required

41
Q

A piece of potato of initial mass 25 g was placed in water. After 15 minutes its final mass was 50 g. Calculate the percentage gain in mass of the potato?

A

50-25=25/25=1*100=100%

42
Q

Name the process of which mineral salts are absorbed by a root hair cell from the soil?

A

Active Transport/Endocytosis

43
Q

What is the difference in Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

A

Endocytosis is the process of capturing a substance or particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane, and bringing it into the cell. Exocytosis describes the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

44
Q

What is the difference between a sperm cell and ciliated epithelial cell?

A 
Sperm Cell-
 flagellum
acrosome
small surface area
extra mitochondria
Ciliated Epithelial Cell-
found in lungs and oviduct lining cells
large surface area
moves dirt across in wave like functions
designed to stop bacteria and dust entering your lungs.
45
Q

What are the differences between a light and electron microscope?

A 
Light:
cheaper
lower resolution
lower magnification
dead or alive organisms
simple, quick preparation
Electron:
expensive
high magnification
high resolution
dead organisms only
complex, long preparation

GCSE Biology (1 decks)

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