savannah History and Systems Flashcards
who was Adler A and why do we care?
Key themes: family constellation early recollection holistic concept: understand our parts in relationship to socially embedded context. personality: sibling order. psychotherapy: encourage (build courage) self understanding and insight. working toward life goals. lifestyle assessment.
whats the American Psychological Association (founding date 1892)?
First President Hall, G.S. 54 Divisions. Largest organization of psychologist
whats ACT psychology?
Brentano - persons are agents, centers of actions, important for the development of personality theory (Vanbelle, 112). Focus on experience as an activity and not as a structure.
whats apperception?
(Descarte) the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he or she already possesses. “the process by which new experience is assimilated to and transformed by the residuum of past experience of an individual to form a new whole. (Herbert Spencer, Hermann Lotze, and Wilhelm Wundt) (Assimiliation of idea)
whats associationism?
(Plato, Aristotle, John Locke, Hume) process by which representations arise in consciousness, similarity, contiguity, and contrast, frequency. ex, the look, the feel, the smell, the taste of an apple, for example, came together to become the idea of an apple.
who is Beck, A?
cognitive psychologist, believed that mental illness comes from bad thinking patterns, which must be treated with cognitive therapy.
whats behaviorism?
1913 (remember the year). behavior results from learning through experience. John Watson wrote “Psychology as a Behaviorist views it” which redefined the goal of psychology as the prediction and control of behavior and proposed that Positivism, the study of observable behaviors, is the only legitimate methodology (structuralism and functionalism goes away). Dominated psychology in the 20th century.
who is Binet A?
French psychologist, invented first IQ test/created first true test of mental ability, developed the test with Theodore Simon, called the Binet-Simon Test (30 items on test - focused on judgment, comprehension, and memory and items were arranged in order of difficulty, Objectively diagnosed degrees of cognitive disabilities, In test, items were grouped by ages of which children passed them - came up with mental level/mental age) used his own 2 daughters to study IQ and cognition in kiddos.
Who’s Brentano, F?
Founder of ACT Psychology. Functionalist, he proposed it in opposition to structuralism. For Brentano, what is important is what the mind does, not what is contained within it. In other words, psychology should focus on experience as an activity rather than on experience as a structure, influenced Freud
who is cattell, J. M.?
1940s, functionalist, did a lot of testing, created the 16PF, founded psychological research labs in both University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University, he was one of the forefathers of the experimental movement in American psychology
Coined Fluid and Crystallized intelligence
who is charcot, J. M.?
hypnosis. believed hysteria was a result of a weak neurological system which was hereditary. Founder of modern neurology. He was first to describe the degeneration of ligaments and joint surfaces due to lack of use or control, now called Charcot’s joint.
whats client centered therapy?
created by carl rogers. non-directive form of talk therapy, meaning it allows the client to lead the conversation and does not attempt to steer the client in any way. Unconditional positive regard, genuineness and empathetic understanding.
whats a cognitive map?
(Tolman) Learned something without performing it and without reinforcement. (experiment: rats learned a cognitive map of the maze in absence of behavior and reinforcement, rats learned something w/out performing and w/out reinforcement. Set stage for reintroducing cognition into behaviorism (i.e. cognitive behaviorism).
what was the cognitive revolution?
1950’s. period when cognitive psychology replaced Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis as the main approach in psychological fields. Increasing focus was placed on observable behaviors in conjunction with brain activity and structure.
what is classical conditioning?
(John Watson) a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
what is operant conditioning?
Operant Conditioning deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on the surrounding environment. Skinner set out to identify the processes which made certain operant behaviors more or less likely to occur. B.F. Skinner (1938) coined the term operant conditioning; it means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior. (Neutral, Reinforcers, Punishers)
who is darwin?
came up with natural selection, not that organisms and animals have cognition regarding which genes are better, but naturally the animals with genetic qualities that do not help them survive will die off while the other animals survive and continue to have offspring who carry those adaptive traits. However, culture changes so we don’t know which qualities will matter or won’t matter over time. Natural selection is not always directional or adaptive. More about maintaining status quo and allowing them to survive - not exactly for competition. You can’t “willfully choose”. Darwin thought most qualities were innate.
who was dewey J?
did psychological work on the reflex arc, which proposed that animals always adapt to their environments, rather than respond to stimuli with concrete responses
who was dorothea dix?
activist, started first generation of American mental asylums. Served in Civil war as superintendent of Army nurses. One of the founders of the American movement to provide better care for the mentally ill.
what are drive theories?
Drive-reduction theory was first developed by Clark Hull in 1943. According to this theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs. These needs result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and, ultimately, bring the system back to homeostasis.
who is Ebbinghause H?
pioneered experimental study of memory. Forgetting curve and the spacing effect. Learning curve
whats epistemology?
study of how we know things
whats ego psychology?
a system of psychoanalytic developmental psychology concerned especially with personality, rooted in Freud’s concepts of Id, ego, super-ego, further developed by Anna Freud (defense mechanisms etc).
who is Erikson E?
Proposed an eight stage model of development that included a crisis in order to transition to the next stage. Trust vs mistrust (0-1 ½), autonomy vs shame
(1 ½-3), initiative vs guilt (3-5), industry vs inferiority (5-12), identity vs role confusion (12-18), intimacy vs isolation (12-40), generativity vs stagnation (40-64), ego integrity vs despair (65+).
who is sir francis galton?
eugenics dude. Initially Galton focused on “positive” eugenics, encouraging healthy, capable people of above-average intelligence to bear more children, with the idea of building an “improved” human race. Coined the term “nature vs nurture”
what is evolutionary psychology?
Seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the output of psychological adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.
what is existential psychology?
(Nietzche, Kierkegard). Pursue truth through intrapersonal experience (subjective). Value meaning, of choice, uniqueness. Focuses on the fact that people innately want to search for meaning and purpose to add substance to their lives; a major psychologist in this field was Victor Frankl.
what is the society of the “experimentalists?”
formed by Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) as a vehicle for organizing small, informal gatherings of North America’s leading experimental psychologists.
who was fechner G?
connection between mind and body, psychophysics. He assumed that the difference between two sensations may be defined by the number of “just noticeable differences” (jnd)
what was the first force in psychology?
(after World war) , behaviorism, psychoanayltic humanistic
what is free association?
a practice in psychoanalytic therapy in which a client is asked to freely share thoughts, random words, and anything else that comes to mind, regardless of how coherent or appropriate the thoughts are.
what did anna freud do?
ego psychology, defense mechanisms
who is sigmund freud?
father of psychoanalysis, came up with id/ego/superego
what is functionalism?
school of thought that was a reaction to structuralism. Studies how the mind adapts to its environment. Was interested in individual differences, whereas structuralism was interested in groups of people.
who is galton f?
(Measure human difference) Psychology of Adaptation. Precurser for Eugenics. First psychologist to use statistics in psychological research, inventor of the correlation coefficient. Regression towards the mean.
what is gestalt psychology?
(1970s) Wertheimer is founder (phi phenomenon). Stresses that the whole process should be studied, rather than specific parts. Was a reaction to structuralism. While structuralism seeks to study the elements that make up consciousness, Gestalt psychology stresses the idea that the “whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
