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BIOL 307 > Sauropsids & synapsids (15-16) > Flashcards

Sauropsids & synapsids (15-16) Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 distinguishing factors of amniotes?

A
  • amniotic egg

- waterproof skin

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2
Q

What group do the amniotes contain?

A

Most of tetrapods alive today, except amphibians

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3
Q

What animals lay amniotic eggs? (5 groups)

A
  • turtles
  • lizards
  • crocodilians
  • birds
  • monotremes (egg-laying mammals)
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4
Q

What is a monotreme?

A

An egg-laying mammal

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5
Q

What is a therian mammal?

A

Marsupials and placentals

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6
Q

What parts of therian mammals are homologous to certain membranes in the egg?

A

Embyronic membranes that contribute to the placenta

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7
Q

Compare amniote skin to amphibian skin

A

Amniotes have thicker skin and a keratinized epidermis (contributing to their relative skin impermeability)
- amniotes also have greater skin elaborations

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8
Q

What is the primary factor in waterproofing amniote skin?

A

The presence of lipids

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9
Q

Do amniotes or amphibians have greater skin elaborations?

A

Amniotes, like scales, hair, and feathers all formed from keratin

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10
Q

How is amniote skin not suited for gas exchange?

A

They use lungs for gas exchange, so the skin does not have to be moist, and cutaneous water loss is reduced

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11
Q

What kind of ventilation do amnniotes use?

A

Costal (rib) ventilation of the lungs

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12
Q

What kind of ventilation do amphibians use?

A

Buccal pumping

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13
Q

What does costal ventilation allow amniotes to do and how?

A

Allows amniotes to develop a long neck. The pressure difference created by rib movement allows them to draw air down a long thin tube (the trachea)

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14
Q

What does a long neck in amniotes allow?

A

Allows elaborations of nerves that supply the forelimb. Nerves leave the spinal cord in the neck and join together in a nerve complex called the brachial plexus

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15
Q

Is having a flexible shell ancestral or evolved?

A
  • Ancestral (persists in many lizards, snakes, turtles, monotremes)
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16
Q

Which groups have rigid calcified shells in some examples?

A

Lizards, turtles, all crocodilians and birds

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17
Q

What does the shell protect against?

A

Mechanical damage, microbial invasion, water loss

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18
Q

Is the shell porous and what does this allow?

A

Yes. It allows some movement of water vapour, oxygen, and CO2

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19
Q

What does the yolk supply?

A

Energy supply

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20
Q

What do all vertebrates have that enclose the yolk?

A

Extraembryonic membrane(s)

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21
Q

What are the 3 additional membranes that amniotes have?

A

Chorion, amnion, allantois

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22
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Outer membrane that surrounds entire contents of the egg (allows gas exchange)

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23
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Inner membrane that surrounds just the embryo (protects embryo)

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24
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Storage place for nitrogenous wastes in the amniotic egg (gets bigger with age)

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25
Q

What is the function of the yolk sac?

A

Encloses a reserve of nutrients, gets smaller with age

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26
Q

What are the parts of an amphibian egg?

A
  • outer layer
  • perivitelline chamber
  • ovum
  • yolk
  • inner layers
  • vitelline membrane (chorion)
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27
Q

What are the parts of a reptile egg?

A
  • shell
  • albumin
  • yolk
  • embryo
  • amniotic cavity
  • extraembryonic membranes (3)
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28
Q

What are the parts of a fish and frog egg that are the same? What is different?

A

Same: nucleus, cell membrane, yolk granules (surrounded by membrane)
Different: FROG egg has jelly coat (gooey protein solution)

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29
Q

Are humans amniotes?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What does the endoderm layer become for humans?

A
  • digestive system
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • lungs (inner layers)
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31
Q

What does the mesoderm layer become in humans?

A
  • circulatory system
  • lungs (epitheleal layers)
  • skeletal system
  • muscular system
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32
Q

What does the ectoderm layer become?

A
  • hair, nails, skin

- nervous system

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33
Q

How are the maternal and fetal blood components conducted in the placenta?

A

Conducted through the surface of the chorionic villi, but never mix directly

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34
Q

The larval form is lost in amniotes- why?

A

Because the amniotic egg cannot be laid in water, because the gill-less embryo would drown :(

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35
Q

How do marine amniotes (turtles, penguins) lay eggs?

A

Must come to shore to lay eggs, or be viviparous- inside the body (like sea snakes and marine mammals)

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36
Q

What are synapsids?

A

Mammals

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37
Q

What are sauropsids?

A

turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, birds, tuatara (lizard relatives endemic to New Zealand)

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38
Q

What is the commonality between synapsids and sauropsids?

A

Both are amniotes

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39
Q

What are amniotic eggs critical to?

A

Life on land

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40
Q

What is the size of amniotic eggs compared to non-amniotic eggs?

A

Amniotic are large, so they produce larger hatchlings and then adults

41
Q

What are temporal fenestrations?

A

Large holes in the head

42
Q

What do temporal fenestrations do?

A

Functions as attachment for jaw muscles

43
Q

How many arches do synapsids have in their skulls?

A

A single arch

44
Q

How many arches do sauropsids have in their skulls? What does this make them a subgroup of?

A

Double arches, they are a subgroup of diapsids (have lizard faces)

45
Q

What features evolved independently in both synapsid and sauropsid lineages? (parallel evolution)

A
  • eliminated conflict between resp. system and locomotion for long distance running
  • high oxygen consumption
  • insulation to retain heat produced by high O2 consumption
  • excretory system that eliminates waste while conserving water
46
Q

Why did both synapsids and sauropsids both need to eliminate conflict between resp. system and locomotion?

A

For long distance running

47
Q

What type of movement did early tetrapods rely on?

A

Lateral undulations of the trunk (like salamanders and reptiles today). Use limbs and feet for traction

48
Q

Why does the movement style of the early tetrapods only work for short dashes?

A

Air flows between lungs, but little goes in and out

49
Q

What is the main features of locomotion important for synapsids and sauropsids?

A
  • allows them to hold trunk rigid and use limbs for propulsion
50
Q

What kind of posture do modern synapsids have?

A

Upright posture

51
Q

What evolved early in the synapsid tree to expand lungs?

A

Use of trunk/hypaxial muscles to expand lungs

52
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A

Sheet of muscle separating the bodt cavity into pulmonary and abdominal cavities. Concave when relaxed and flattened when contracted. Developed later

53
Q

What works with the diaphragm to force air in and out of the lungs?

A

Bounding gait and inertial back and forth movement of the viscera

54
Q

How did sauropsids solve the problem of decoupling locomotion and respiration?

A

They rely on bipedal locomotion without movements of the trunk

55
Q

Did early sauropsids have a diaphragm? Why or why not?

A

No, instead they incorporate pelvic movements and ventral ribs into lung ventilation

56
Q

What group shows the early form of sauropsid ventilation?

A

Crocodilians

57
Q

Describe the early form of sauropsid ventilation, the inspiration step

A

To inspire: ribs move forward, diaphragmatic muscle pulls liver posteriorly, contraction of ischiopubic muscle.
- increase volume of thoracic cavity

58
Q

Describe the early form of sauropsid ventilation, the expiration step

A

Rectus abdominus and transverse abdominus rotate pubis dorsally, forcing viscera anteriorly. Diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles relax

59
Q

What kind of lungs do amphibians have?

A

Simple lung sacs

60
Q

How does the act of sustained locomotion change the need for lungs?

A

Increased O2 consumption means you need greater surface area in lungs for gas exchange

61
Q

What kind of pattern and lungs do synapsids develop?

A

Tree-like pattern of branching in lungs ending in cup-like chambers (alveoli) = alveolar lung

62
Q

What kind of pattern and lungs do sauropsids develop?

A

Many dif. branching patterns, with cuplike chamber lining the walls of the airways = faveolar lung

63
Q

Describe synapsid lungs (3 main points)

A
  • air passes through trachea branching down levels (23) ending in alveoli for gas exchange
  • tidal ventilation (in and out same passages)
  • elastic recoil of alveoli helps force air out of lungs
64
Q

What is the surface area of alveoli in humans?

A

70 square metres

65
Q

How many levels of branching are there in birds and crocodilians?

A

only 3

66
Q

What direction is air flow in sauropsids?

A

Unidirectional, not tidal

67
Q

What are the big differences in the resp. systems of birds?

A
  • gas exchange structures are not cups, but capillaries w/ crosscurrent ventilation
  • air sacs as reservoirs for air so there is unidirectional flow through lung
  • 2 resp. cycles for one unit of air through lungs
68
Q

Why do gas exchange surfaces of birds have little expansion or contraction?

A
  • they can then be thinner for more rapid diffusion of gases
  • facilitates respiration at high altitudes
69
Q

Describe the resp of birds

A

Inhalation: air sacs fill
Exhalation: air sacs empty, lungs fill

70
Q

What is the purpose of parabronchi in birds?

A

allow for one way flow of air through the lungs

71
Q

Where is high blood pressure wanted and not wanted?

A
  • needed in systemic circuit
  • bad for delicate lungs
  • would push plasma out of capillaries into air spaces (=pulmonary edema)
72
Q

How do amniotes maintain different blood pressures in the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

A
  • do this by separating ventricle into pulmonary and system sides with a septum
73
Q

What do turtles and lizard’s septa look like?

A

Not a permanent complete septum, but form one during ventricular contraction. This is a derived feature- allows them to shunt in dif conditions

74
Q

Why is substantial energy lost as heat?

A

synthesis and consumption of ATP is not very efficient

75
Q

Why do cheetahs have to end pursuit within a minute?

A

Overheating (NOT exhaustion)

76
Q

What do endotherms need to retain heat?

A
  • high metabolic rate and insulation
77
Q

What is the metabolic rate difference in small endotherms vs ectotherms?

A

Endotherms have 10x higher metabolic rate than ectotherms

78
Q

High metabolism evolved with what?

A

increased locomotion, and then insulation becomes advantageous

79
Q

What is the function of respiratory turbinates?

A

To warm and moisten air as it enters lungs, and retrieve water and heat from air as it leaves. Helps to conserve body moisture

80
Q

Where are olfactory turbinates (conchae)?

A

Out of the direct air stream, which is why we sniff when trying to smell

81
Q

High rate of metabolism means high rate of….

A

waste production

82
Q

Nitrogenous waste is excreted as…? Why is this a problem?

A

Urine, but this is mostly water and is valuable to waste

83
Q

What is a toxic waste product or metabolism?

A

Ammonia

84
Q

What can ammonia be converted to?

A

Urea! Less toxic but even more soluble in water. It can be accumulated in the body and released in a concentrated solution in the urine

85
Q

Urea production is a ancestral characteristic of amniotes. Which group retains this?

A

Synapsids- they have a kidney very effective in producing concentrated urine (Ureotelism)

86
Q

What have sauropsids developed to convert waste?

A

Capacity to convert urea to uric acid through costly pathway

87
Q

How do sauropsids use uric acid?

A

Uric acid is insoluble and combines w sodium and potassium ions to precipitate out of solution as salt. Sauropsids recover the water released when urate salts precipitate (Uricotelism)

88
Q

What is the basic unit of a synapsid kidney?

A

Nephron

89
Q

What are the basic parts of a nephron?

A
  • glomerulus (filters blood in a long tube)

- loop of Henle (derived feature of mammals- able to produce highly concentrated urine)

90
Q

Which group is uricotelic?

A

All extant sauropsids- but they also may facultatively excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia or urea.

91
Q

What would concentrating uric cause?

A

would cause it to precipitate and block the nephrons (this is why kidneys of reptiles and birds lack loops of Henle

92
Q

When does uric acid precipitate?

A

When it enters the cloaca or bladder- means urine becomes less concentrated and water can be absorbed back into body

93
Q

How are ions excreted in sauropsids?

A

as crystallized salt or tears- through salt glands in nasal, sublingual, upper jaw regions. This is a highly efficient way of eliminating salts without losing water

94
Q

What are the strong and weak senses in synapsids?

A

Highly sensitive to odours, but poor vision (primates are the exception)

95
Q

What are the strong and weak senses in sauropsids?

A

good vision, poor smell

96
Q

What is the size difference between amniote and amphibian forebrains?

A

Amniote brains are relatively enlarged

97
Q

Larger animals tend to have what size of brains?

A

Proportionally smaller brains- bigger bodies don’t need more brain tissue

98
Q

What do a greater number of neurons allow for?

A

More connections and complexity or behaviour

BIOL 307 (8 decks)

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