Sauceda APWH Unit 9 Vocab Flashcards
Martin Luther King Jr 8.7
Def: Martin Luther King Jr was one of the main leaders during the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement fought to gain equal rights for African Americans and fought to get rid of segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Martin Luther King is most famous for his “I Have A Dream” speech and spoke about many others issues in the world until he was assassinated in 1968.
L.O. Martin Luther King Jr’s speeches touched the world through the words he said to fight with the Civil Rights Movement. Many effects came from this movement such as boycotting public buses that ended segregation, marches were led to gaining freedom and jobs, and court cases that ended segregation.
Nelson Mandela 8.7
Def: Nelson Mandela led a black resistance movement against apartheid, which was a system of racial segregation that was put into place by a white minority government. He led the African National Congress and was going to prison for going against apartheid. ANC had the goal of eliminating segregation, ending white domination, and making it to where South Africa was multiracial. While Mandela was in prison, it started a global movement against abolishing apartheid. Protest began and made South Africa look bad in the world’s eyes. While Mandela was in prison, he started to negotiate with the government until F. W. de Klerk released him from prison. After his release, apartheid was still a law until reforms ended apartheid and free elections were held. In 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first black leader and president.
L.O. While Nelson Mandela was in prison, it began many protests to end apartheid. The African National Congress also fought to get rid of apartheid and also fought with Mandela to end white domination and to make South Africa multiracial. When F. W. de Klerk was elected president, he believed keeping Mandela in prison was wrong so he was released from prison. Even though Mandela was released, it did not end the issue of apartheid since it was still in place as a law. Many more protest began until elections were put into place which elected Nelson Mandela as president in 1994. This made him the first black president and leader in South Africa.
New Modes of Communication 9.1
Def: Even before the internet was created, televisions and radios would advertise connecting to people around the world by making phone calls that traveled long distances. In 1990, new technologies were created such as cellphones which put creation, information, and dissemination in the people’s hands. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter were created which made it easier for people to connect with others from all around the world. People would film on their smartphones police actions that concerned a lot of places around the world. Other creations such as airplanes, cargo planes, giant tankers, and much more were created. Energy technologies were also invented and also medical innovations which all shaped society to where we are today.
L.O. Technologies such as the smartphone made it easier for people to interact with each other from long distances. The internet gave people easy access to express themselves through creativity and also allowed people to interact with friends online. These cell phones gave information and dissemination to the people to carry around with them all day every day. Other technologies were invented such as energy technologies such as fossil fuels which made a contribution to air pollution and so much more.
Green Revolution 9.1
Def: The Green Revolution was a response to hunger by developing new varieties of grains such as wheat and rice that could resist disease, pests, and drought. Crossbreeding made it where hybrids were created by breeding two different varieties of plants. Scientists also used genetic engineering which manipulates cells and organisms to change characteristics. Brazilians burned down forests and farmers used fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides. All of this didn’t clear problems as it made it where farmers couldn’t afford fertilizers or pesticides which made it where they were not able to compete with larger landowners. Small farmers have to sell their land which increased holdings for large landowners. Farm laborers had access to fewer jobs due to some techniques involving mechanized equipment. Soil and the environment were damaged due to chemicals being heavily applicated.
L.O. The Green Revolution led to many other issues due to trying to solve hunger. Many farmers were out of jobs and couldn’t compete with heavy landowners. The environment was damaged due to chemicals being applied to the soil. Farmers had to sell their land and couldn’t afford fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution was put into place to benefit the world but it added more problems for the world to find solutions for.
Medical Innovations 9.1
Def: Many new advancements and technologies were created for medicines such as birth control, antibiotics, and vaccines. Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered substances that killed bacteria while working in his lab one day. Penicillin was discovered and became the first antibiotic that cured bacterial infections. These antibiotics saved the lives of soldiers in World War II and saved many civilians when they got access to antibiotics. Birth control was invented by Gregory Pincus which lowered fertility rates and women started to have fewer babies than their grandmother or mother. This pill reshaped gender roles and made a new way for sexual practices. Vaccines were invented in 1796 but they were developed more in the 1900s. Vaccines made it to where deadly diseases were prevented and made polio, smallpox, and measles rare. These vaccines also prevented many things such as tetanus, diphtheria, coughs, mumps, measles, and deadly diseases. Vaccines prevented 3 million deaths a year and saved many people’s lives.
L.O. New medicine advancements saved the lives of many people and lowered the risk of getting sick. Antibiotics killed off deadly bacteria and saved the lives of soldiers and civilians when created. Birth control gave more options to women and made it to where fertility rates were lowered. Vaccines were advanced and saved millions of people a year by protecting the body from deadly diseases and viruses that were spread during this time.
Covid 19 Pandemic 9.2
Def: Covid 19 is a virus with multiple different variations that spread across the world. It spread through virus particles that were in the air and infected people who did any action that involved opening their mouths. The first infection was found in animals until it was found in humans. This virus broke out into the world and spread to every country in the world which caused fear in the people. Lockdowns were put into place, vaccines were founded, and mask mandates started to protect people from COVID.
L.O. COVID spread through close contact with other people. This virus spread around the world through people traveling from different places and bringing that virus with them. This virus also spread through global trade which led to governments taking action that would affect them economically.
Diseases of Poverty 9.2
Def: Diseases of poverty are caused by poor housing, no access to healthcare, working conditions, and contaminated water. Diseases such as Malaria, Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Polia. Malaria is a disease that is spread by mosquitos and killed over 600,000 people a year. Tuberculosis is an airborne infection that affected the lungs and spread through coughs and sneezes. Cholera is spread through contaminated water and is a bacterial disease. Polio is a disease is another disease that spread through contaminated water and transmitted in fecal matter.
L.O. Most of the diseases of poverty was spread through specific bugs, water contamination, and bacteria. These diseases would spread to the people and cause millions of deaths and thousands of people getting infected and sick. Most of these diseases could only be treated through vaccines or there was nothing a person could do to fight the disease. When diseases of poverty spread, governments would have to take action to stop the spread of find a way to cure it.
Diseases of Longevity 9.2
Def: Longevity diseases are diseases that develop later in life such as heart disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Heart disease increases longevity over time and deals with genetics and a person’s lifestyle. People with heart disease usually need to go through the process of getting a heart transplant, replacing valves, installing stents in arteries, replacing the blood vessels leading to the heart, and developing medicines that will reduce blood conditions. Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that mostly affected the elderly. People with Alzheimer’s lose their memory slowly and forget the people they love and forget how to do daily activities which is why this disease leads to death.
L.O. Diseases of Longevity aren’t diseases that spread from person to person but usually are caused from generations before you have this disease. Heart disease has to do with genetics and someone’s lifestyle and Alzheimer’s deals with people losing their memory to where they don’t know how to function their own bodies.
Causes of Environmental Change 9.3
Def: Causes of environmental changes include increasing population, urbanization, globalization, and industrialization. Since the population was growing, more people needed to be fed, and there was a higher demand for croplands. Since more land was in use, it led to deforestation, soil erosion, and smaller habitats for animals. Urbanization dealt with the increase in cities and they grew in size. Many farmers would use different methods for farming since billions of people live in cities. They would deplete soil, clear forest, and cause erosion. Industrialization spread globally to other countries which led to natural resources being needed for manufacturing which made it to where resources were reserved. A new middle class was created so there was an increase in the market which contributes to pollution. L.O. Since urbanization, industrialization, globalization and the increase in population were occurring, it led to many different issues in the environment such as resource depletion, inequality, and scarce resources, changes in the atmosphere, the development of renewable energy resources, and an increase in environmental awareness.
Economic Liberalization 9.4
Def: A country economically opening is called economic liberalization. Ronald Reagen and Margaret Thatcher put in place free markets which were economic systems were based on supply and demand without the government being in control of anything. In Chile, Augusto Pinochet made their economy run by a free market instead of being controlled by the government. State-owned businesses were privatized which led to inflation.
L.O. Ronald Regan and Margaret Thatcher changed their economy to where it was run by a free market and made it where the government had less control. They moved jobs to countries that had few regulations, lower taxes, and lower wages. Augusto Pinochet changed his government from a socialist government to where it was run by a free market.
Deng Xiaoping 9.4
Def: Deng Xiaoping was a Chinese leader, and under his rule, the communist party no longer abided by committing to equality and instead focused on economic growth. His government wanted to open their economy and called his policies “Let the rich people get rich first”. Some of his reforms consisted of allowing factories to produce more products, letting peasant leased plots replace communes, encouraging foreign countries to set up factories in economic zones, and reopening the Shanghai stock market. This all led to the Chinese wanting the economic reforms to be accompanied by political ones. A student-led protest in Tiananmen Square happened and ended in hundreds of deaths.
L.O. China’s economy changed into it being run by economic liberalization. China was led by Deng Xiaoping and he put in many reforms to better the economy under economic liberalization. His policy was called “Let the rich people get rich first”. What continued is the communist party pushing for communist governments by letting the people run their businesses instead of the government having control of everything.
Knowledge Economy 9.4
Def: Knowledge Economies created, distributed, and used knowledge and information such as teachers, engineers, and designers. Knowledge economies are used in technology companies and workers would create ways through knowledge to create ways for people to use their knowledge through communication, technology, innovation, and collaboration. Locations such as Finland, Japan, the US, and the Asian Tigers used this type of economy. In Finland, they did many things to set themselves up for economic growth which led them to develop cellphones. Japan and the Asian Tigers put in place economic policies that would increase exports and decrease imports.
L.O. This was a new way for countries to run their governments through knowledge. Some countries used technologies and others put in policies where they got more exports instead of them having to import. Many nations had success through this change in the economy.
World Trade Organization 9.4/9.7
Def: The World Trade Organization had closed off-board meetings, and made many rules for over 90% of international trade. WTO took over the operations of GATT and because of WTO’s ways, the people believed that they didn’t care for the people’s welfare. In the Battle of Seattle, there were many protests at a conference that was held by WTO in Seattle. While planning round trade negotiations, many protesters came including labor unions, student groups, family farmers, and environmentalists and they went to shut down WTO’s meeting. These protesters got attention globally for the issues on the global economy. This protest in Seattle is known as the start of anti-globalization movements and was one of the first social movements that were coordinated on the internet.
L.O. WTO had taken over the operations of GATT and made rules for 90% of international trade and had many closed board meetings. These rules and the meetings that were closed off by WTO began the people to believe that WTO didn’t care about the people’s welfare. This led to many protesters to protest outside of one of WTO’s board meetings in Seattle to get global attention to the issues with the new global economy. This event was called the Battle of Seattle and it began many anti-globalization movements.
Multinational Corporations 9.4
Def: Multinational Corporations are corporations that are incorporated in one country and sell or make goods in one or more countries. The East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Joint Stock Companies were the first examples of these corporations. Multinational Corporations involve knowledge economies, manufacturing, and industrial economies and employ, leading-edge workers in knowledge economies, software designers, communications specialists, and engineers. These Multinational Corporations became very successful with many corporations such as Microsoft, Google, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Nestle.
L.O. Multinational Corporations started with the East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Joint Stock Companies and became much more economically successful and powerful with corporations such as Microsoft, Google, Mahindra & Mahindra, and Nestle that we still see in our society today.
ASEAN 9.4
Def: ASEAN is nations in Southeast Asia that dedicate to economic and political cooperation. They are a free trade and regional organization and they also stood with the United States to fight by their side against global terrorism.
L.O. ASEAN had the goal to develop economic growth through different ways such as going through a social process instead of other ways such as Knowledge Economies or Multinational Corporations are doing to gain economic growth.
