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SATs - Higher > SATs - Higher > Flashcards

SATs - Higher Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 life processes (and how can you remember these)?

A

Movement

Respiration

Sensitivity

Nutrition

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

(Mrs Nerg)

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2
Q

Draw and label an animal cell

A
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3
Q

Draw and label a plant cell

A
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4
Q

What do the following parts of the cell do: -

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast

A

Nucleus – controls the cell (containing DNA)

Cytoplasm – where chemical reactions take place

Cell membrane – controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell wall – keeps the shape of the cell

Vacuole – contains cell sap, stores water and minerals & helps in cell structure

Chloroplasts – contains the chlorophyll which traps the sunlight needed for photosynthesis

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5
Q

What parts of the cell are found in both plants and animals?

What parts are only found in plants?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm & nucleus

Plant only – chloroplasts, cell wall & vacuole

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6
Q

Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -

Sperm cell
Ovum (egg) cell

A
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7
Q

Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -

Palisade cell
Root-hair cell

A
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8
Q

Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -

Cilia cell
Red blood cell

A
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9
Q

Which systems are the following organs part of: -

Stomach
Lungs
Bladder
Ovary
Brain
Pancreas
Ankle bone
Bicep muscle

A

Stomach – digestive

Lungs – breathing

Bladder – urinary

Ovary – reproductive

Brain – sensory

Pancreas – endocrine

Ankle bone – skeletal

Bicep muscle - muscular

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10
Q

What are the 7 things needed for a healthy diet?

A

Carbohydrates

Fats

Proteins

Fibre

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

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11
Q

How do you test for the following foods: -

Starch
Protein
Simple sugars (e.g. glucose)

A

Starch – add iodine (brown → black)

Protein – add Biuret solution (blue → purple)

Sugar – add Benedicts (blue → orange)

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12
Q

Label the digestive system below: -

A
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13
Q

What are the jobs of the following parts of the digestive system: -

Mouth / teeth
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine

A

Mouth / teeth – break food into smaller chunks to increase surface area & allow enzymes found in the saliva to work better – saliva also lubricates the food

Stomach – churns food, adds enzymes, add HCl creating the right pH for the enzymes (and kills bacteria)

Small intestine – adds all three enzymes and digests and absorbs all the food

Large intestine – absorbs the water and compacts the waste into faeces (poo)

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14
Q

What are enzymes, how do they work and why are they important?

A

Enzymes break food into small pieces – they work using a lock and key action (e.g. food can be broken down by a specific enzyme so it can be absorbed into the small intestine)

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15
Q

Label this picture of the urinary system and explain why it is important: -

A

a) Kidney
b) Ureter
c) Bladder
d) Urethra

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16
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood vessel?

A

Artery – carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart at high pressure

Vein – carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart at low pressure (has thin walls and valves to keep the blood flow in the correct direction)

Capillary – links arteries and veins: is very thin allowing oxygen and glucose to diffuse out of the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide and urea from the cells to the blood

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17
Q

What 4 different things make up the blood, and what is the job of each of these?

A

Red blood cells – carry oxygen around the body

White blood cells – help to defend the body against disease by engulfing bacteria and producing antibodies

Platelets – help the blood to clot (form scabs to stop bleeding)

Plasma – pale yellow liquid, which carries the red and white blood cells, hormones, glucose, urea and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

Label this picture of the skeletal system: -

A

a) Skull
b) Neck vertebrae
c) Breast bone (sternum)
d) Humorous
e) Radius
f) Ulna
g) Pelvis
h) Toes
i) Tibia
j) Fibula
k) Knee cap (patella)
l) Femur
m) Ribs
n) Collar bone (clavicle)
o) Jaw

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19
Q

What are the 3 main jobs of the skeleton?

A

Support

Movement

Protection

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20
Q

Label the following picture of a foetus in the uterus, explaining what each part does: -

A

a) Placenta
b) Amniotic fluid
c) Umbilical cord
d) Uterus
e) Cervix + mucus plug

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21
Q

What word describes the muscles becoming short and fat?

What words describes muscles returning to their normal state (remember: they never stretch)

A

Short & fat = contract

Back to normal = relax

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22
Q

What changes happen to boys and girls during puberty?

A

Girls – hips get wider; periods start; breast develop; ovaries release ovum + oestrogen hormone

Boys – shoulders widen; muscles develop; voice deepens; testicles drop; penis grows; testosterone produced by testes

Both – hormones produced can lead to mood swings and spots; pubic hair grows

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23
Q

Label the following picture of the male reproductive system: -

A

a) Testes
b) Scrotum
c) Sperm ducts
d) Glands
e) Penis
f) Bladder
g) Urethra

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24
Q

Label the following picture of the female reproductive system: -

A

a) Ovaries
b) Oviducts
c) Uterus
d) Cervix
e) Vagina

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25
Q

How long is the female menstrual cycle?

Which day is a woman most likely to become pregnant?

A

Menstrual cycle is 28 days

Pregnancy most likely on day 14

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26
Q

What is fertilisation & where does it happen?

How long does it take the foetus to develop and what happens when a woman goes into labour?

A

Fertilisation is the fusing of the sperm and ovum nuclei, usually occurring in the oviduct

The foetus takes 9 months to develop (labour) – the muscles of the uterus contract and the uterus gradually gets smaller which pushes the baby out of the vagina

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27
Q

Label the following picture of the breathing system: -

A

a) Trachea
c) Lung
e) Diaphragm
f) Intercostals muscles
h) Bronchus
i) Bronchioles
j) Alveoli
k) Ribs

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28
Q

Which gas is taken into the blood and which gas is removed?

A

Oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood

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29
Q

How is oxygen carried around the body?

Why is oxygen important?

A

Oxygen is carried around the body by red blood cells – this is important because oxygen is used to release energy via respiration

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30
Q

Cigarettes are bad for your health – which chemical coats the inside of the lungs and makes it harder to absorb oxygen?

Which chemical causes addiction to cigarettes and which chemical joins with the red blood cells reducing oxygen transportation?

A

Tar (coats lungs)

Nicotine (addictive)

Carbon monoxide (binds hemoglobin)

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31
Q

Which diseases can be caused by smoking?

A

Heart disease, lung cancer and emphysema

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32
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration & why is respiration important?

A

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy)

Respiration is important as it releases energy

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33
Q

What is it called when your cells respire without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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34
Q

What does the microbe yeast produce when it respires anaerobically (without oxygen)?

What is this called?

A

Ethanol (alcohol) – this is called fermentation

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35
Q

Name 3 micro-organisms

A

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

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36
Q

What is immunity?

A

Immunity means you can never catch the disease again because your body recognises the microbe and destroys it before it makes you ill

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37
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

light

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

chlorophyll

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38
Q

Why is photosynthesis important for plants?

What can you do to make plants photosynthesise faster?

A

This is how plants make their food (needed for respiration)

It is made faster by increasing the temperature; sunlight; carbon dioxide; and water levels

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39
Q

What do the following terms means: -

Producer
Consumer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore

A

Producer – makes food from the sun via photosynthesis

Consumer – eats something else

Primary consumer – eats a producer

Secondary consumer – eats a primary consumer

Tertiary consumer – top of the food chain (last consumer)

Carnivore – eats only meat

Herbivore – eats on plants

Omnivore – eats both plants and meat

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40
Q

Draw a pyramid of number and a pyramid of biomass for the following food chain: -

Oak → Caterpillar → Bird

A
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41
Q

Give 2 characteristics that can be inherited from your parents and 2 which are not inherited

A

Inherited – from your parents, e.g. hair colour / eye colour

Environmental – things that change the way you look throughout your life, e.g. tattoos / piercings / scars

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42
Q

What is adaptation?

How are the following organisms adapted: -

Polar bear
Camel
Cactus

A

Adaptations – when an organism changes to suit it’s environment

Polar bear – camouflaged to help it hunt / thick fur / large feet to reduce pressure on the snow / large volume and small surface area to reduce heat loss

Camel – hump to store fat / large feet to reduce pressure on the sand / lightly coloured

Cactus – stores water / very small leaves to reduce water loss / long shallow roots

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43
Q

What do the particles look like in a solid, liquid and gas?

Think about their movement and arrangement

A
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44
Q

Fill out the following table: -

A
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45
Q

Fill in the names for the following changes of state: -

A
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46
Q

What is diffusion and how is it affected by heat?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until there is an even distribution

An increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion (as particles move faster)

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47
Q

What is an element?

What is a compound?

What is a mixture?

Give an example of each

A

Element – 1 type of atom (e.g. gold)

Compound – 2 or more elements chemically bound (e.g. carbon dioxide)

Mixture – 2 or more elements or compounds not chemically bound (e.g. air)

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48
Q

What would you call the following compounds: -

Sulfur + oxygen
Iron + chlorine
Calcium + carbon + oxygen
Potassium + oxygen
Copper + sulfur + oxygen
Fluorine + fluorine

A

Sulfur dioxide

Iron chloride

Calcium carbonate

Potassium oxide

Copper sulfate

Fluorine

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49
Q

Explain how these techniques work and what you would use to separate them: -

Filtration
Evaporation

A

Filtration – separates insoluble solid from a liquid, e.g. sand and water: mixture filtered through filter paper with small holes in allowing soluble liquid through (but not the insoluble solid)

Evaporating – separates a soluble solid from a liquid, e.g. salt and water: solution is evaporated off leaving the solid (usually in the form of crystals)

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50
Q

Explain how these techniques work and what you would use to separate them: -

Chromatography
Distillation

A

Chromatography – separates different coloured liquids, e.g. dyes found in ink: spot of ink on chromatography paper which is placed in small amount of water and colours dissolve and rise up the paper (some better than others)

Distillation – separates different liquids due to different boiling points: mixture boiled until one liquid evaporates off (can then be condensed back into a liquid)

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51
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A

Found on the left side of the periodic table
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Strong and tough
Shiny when polished
Malleable
Sonorous
Ductile
High densities
High melting and boiling points
Some are magnetic
Can be mixed to form alloys
React with oxygen forming oxides
Metal oxides are basic

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52
Q

What are the properties of non-metals?

What are the exceptions to the rules?

A

Found on the right side of the periodic table
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Not hard wearing or strong
Dull
Brittle
Low melting and boiling points
Non-magnetic
React with oxygen forming oxides
Non-metal oxides are acidic

*Exceptions are graphite (made from carbon), which conducts

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53
Q

What is the difference between a chemical and a physical change?

Give an example of each

A

Chemical changes – hard to reverse and usually permanent (e.g. combustion)

Physical changes –reversible (e.g. freezing)

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54
Q

Explain the following terms: -

Solute
Solvent
Solution
Soluble
Insoluble
Saturated

A

Solute – a solid that dissolves

Solvent – a liquid that a solid dissolves in

Solution – a solid dissolved in a liquid

Soluble – something that dissolves

Insoluble – something that does not dissolve

Saturated – a point where no more solid is able to dissolve in a liquid

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55
Q

How is solubility affected by temperature?

A

Solubility increases as temperature increases

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56
Q

When do materials expand and contract?

Explain what happens in terms of particles

A

Materials expand when they are hot and contract when they are cold

When heated particles are given more energy and spread out / vibrate more causing the material to expand

When cooled particles have less energy and do not spread out as much / vibrate less causing the material to contract

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57
Q

What are the 3 types of weathering?

A

Physical, e.g. wind / rain / freeze-thaw

Biological, e.g. animals burrowing / plant roots growing

Chemical, e.g. acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations

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58
Q

Draw and describe the rock cycle

A
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59
Q

What are the 3 types of rock and how is each type formed?

A

Igneous – formed from cooled lava / magma

Sedimentary – layers of sediment being compressed over millions of years

Metamorphic – made from sedimentary rocks which have been heated and compressed

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60
Q

How can the 3 types of rock be distinguished?

A

Igneous – crystals

Sedimentary – layers and sometimes contain fossils

Metamorphic – layers and crystals

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61
Q

Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -

Oxidation
Reduction

A

Oxidation – when oxygen is added to something (e.g. combustion / respiration)

Reduction – when oxygen is taken away from something (e.g. smelting using carbon to turn iron oxide into iron)

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62
Q

Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -

Thermal decomposition
Neutralisation
Displacement

A

Thermal decomposition – using heat to break something up

Neutralisation – when an acid and an alkali are mixed together forming a neutral solution

Displacement – when a more reactive metals ‘swaps places’ with a less reactive metal

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63
Q

Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -

Exothermic
Endothermic

A

Exothermic – gives off energy (heat), e.g. respiration / combustion

Endothermic – takes in energy (heat), e.g. photosynthesis

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64
Q

Give some examples of some useful chemical reactions

A

Combustion

Respiration

Photosynthesis

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65
Q

What is the order of metal reactivity?

A

Potassium

Sodium

Calcium

Magnesium

Aluminium

Carbon

Zinc

Iron

Lead

Hydrogen

Copper

Silver

Gold

Platinum

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66
Q

What are the 2 things needed for rusting?

How can rusting be prevented?

A

Water and oxygen

Painting (stops O2 and H2O)

Oil (stops H2O)

Galvanising (coating in zinc)

Sacrificial protection (more reactive metals react first)

Plastic coating (stops O2 and H2O)

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67
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

What causes it and what environmental problems are there?

A

Greenhouse effect – a layer of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents sunrays leaving the Earth, causing it to heat up

The increase in temperature can results in global weather conditions changing / ice caps melting etc…

68
Q

What causes acid rain and what environmental problems are involved with acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power stations – these then dissolve in the rain causing acid rain which kills plants are erodes buildings

69
Q

How do you test for the following gases: -

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

A

Hydrogen – squeaky pop with lit splint

Oxygen – relights a glowing splint

Carbon dioxide – puts out a lit splint / turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through it

70
Q

Draw out the pH scale, giving some examples

A
71
Q

List at least 6 facts you know about acids

A

Low pH (1-6)

Sour

Can be corrosive

Used to neutralise bases

Form hydrogen when reacted with a metal and carbon dioxide when reacted with a carbonate

All contain hydrogen

72
Q

List at least 5 facts you know about alkalis

A

High pH (8-14)

Often feel soapy

Can be corrosive

Used to neutralise acids

Soluble bases

Bases are usually oxides, hydroxides and carbonates

73
Q

During neutralisation a salt is made – what type of salt will the following make: -

Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid

A

Sulfates

Nitrates

Chlorides

74
Q

What is an indicator?

What are the 2 most common indicators and which one do you think is best and why?

A

Indicators are dyes, which change colour depending on the pH

Universal indicator (red = acid; green = neutral; blue = alkali)

Litmus paper (red = acid and blue = alkali)

Litmus gives no indication of strength so UI better!

75
Q

What causes indigestion?

Why do indigestion tablets help?

A

Indigestion is caused by too much stomach acid – indigestion tablets are alkali, neutralising the stomach acid

76
Q

If an acid and an alkali give a salt describe an experiment you could do to create a solid salt

A

Mix acid and alkali until they are neutral (UI goes green)

Evaporate off the water leaving the salt

77
Q

What are the chemical formula for the following: -

Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide

A

Hydrochloric acid – HCl

Sulfuric acid – H2SO4

Nitric acid – HNO3

Sodium hydroxide – NaOH

78
Q

What are the chemical formula for the following: -

Water
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen gas
Oxygen gas
Sodium chloride
Magnesium oxide
Copper oxide
Iron oxide (rust)

A

Water – H2O

Carbon dioxide – CO2

Hydrogen gas – H2

Oxygen gas – O2

Sodium chloride – NaCl

Magnesium oxide – MgO

Copper oxide – CuO

Iron oxide (rust) – Fe2O3

79
Q

What are conductors and insulators?

Give examples of each

A

Conductors allow energy to flow through them (heat / electricity) whilst insulators do not

Conductors – e.g. metals

Insulators – e.g. plastic / wood

80
Q

What do like charges do?

What do opposite charges do?

A

Like charges repel (e.g. +ve & +ve)

Opposite charges attract (e.g. +ve & -ve)

81
Q

Explain the following terms: -

Current
Voltage
Resistance

A

Current – flow of electrons around a circuit

Voltage – push (energy) given to the electrons

Resistance – how easy it is for the electrons to flow around the circuit

82
Q

Draw a series circuit with a battery, switch and 3 bulbs

What happens if 1 bulb breaks?

A

All bulbs go out if one breaks as circuit is not complete: -

83
Q

What happens to the voltage and current in a series circuit?

What happens to the brightness of the bulbs if more are added?

A

In series: voltage shared & current the same

As more bulbs are added brightness is reduced

84
Q

Draw a parallel circuit with a battery, switch and 3 bulbs

What happens if 1 bulb breaks?

A

Other bulbs remain on if one breaks as circuit remains complete: -

85
Q

What happens to the voltage and current in a parallel circuit?

What happens to the brightness of the bulbs if more are added?

A

In parallel: voltage the same & current shared

As more bulbs are added brightness remains the same

86
Q

Draw the magnetic field around a bar magnet

A
87
Q

What do you need to make an electromagnet and how can you make electromagnets stronger?

A

Electricity / coil of wire / soft iron core

Strength can be increased by increasing the voltage / increasing the number of cells / adding a soft iron core

88
Q

What can you do to give an object a static charge?

A

Rub objects together – rubbing removes the electrons from one object to another causing a charge

89
Q

What would happen to 2 objects with the following charges: -

Positive and positive
Positive and negative
Negative and negative
Neutral and neutral

A

Repel

Attract

Repel

Nothing

90
Q

What is the equation for working out speed?

A

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

91
Q

What are the 5 things forces can do?

A

Speed up

Slow down

Change direction

Change shape

Change size

92
Q

What kind of movement do you get with balanced forces?

What kind of movement do you get with unbalanced forces?

A

Balanced = steady speed (including stationary)

Unbalanced = accelerating (speeding up / slowing down)

93
Q

What is friction / air resistance

When is friction good and when is it bad?

A

Friction / air resistance is an opposing force (working in the opposite direction to the movement)

Friction is useful when trying to stop (e.g. brakes)

Friction is not useful when trying to go quickly (e.g. high sped in a car)

94
Q

What are the 7 different types of force?

A

Air resistance

Friction

Gravity

Tension

Static electricity

Magnetism

Drive

95
Q

Explain why snow shoes help to stop you sinking in the snow

A

Snow shoes spread the force of your weight over a larger area (reducing the pressure on the snow)

96
Q

What is pressure & how can it be worked out?

Do objects with a large or small surface area have a larger pressure?

A

Pressure = Force ÷ Area

Pressure (Pascal) is the force applied to a certain area (objects with a smaller surface area have a larger pressure)

97
Q

What are the units for the following: -

Force
Area
Mass
Pressure
Speed

A

Force = Newtons (N)

Area = (m2)

Mass = (Kg)

Pressure = Pascal (Pa)

Speed = (m/s)

98
Q

What are the units for the following: -

Weight
Energy
Current
Resistance
Potential difference

A

Weight = Newtons (N)

Energy = Joules (J)

Current = Amps (A)

Resistance = Ohms (omega)

Potential difference = Volts (V)

99
Q

Which travels faster: light or sound?

What speeds do they travel at?

A

Light travels faster than sound: -

Light = 300’000’000 m/s

Sound = 330 m/s

100
Q

What must happen if we are to see something?

A

Light must reflect off an object and the light must then go to your eye

101
Q

What is reflection and what is the law of reflection?

A

Reflection is when light bounces off an object – the angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence

102
Q

What is refraction and what is the law of refraction?

A

Refraction is when light bends going through a different medium

When light enters a denser medium it bends towards the normal, and when it enters a less dense medium it bends away from the normal

103
Q

What colours make up white light?

What is the scientific name for when light disperses to form a rainbow?

A

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

104
Q

How do coloured filters work?

Explain what a blue object would look like through a red filter

A

Coloured filters only let specific colours through (e.g. red filters only allow red light to pass)

Blue objects would appear black through a red filter, as none of the blue light would be able to pass through

105
Q

What makes blue objects look blue?

A

They absorb all colours of the spectrum except blue, which they reflect

106
Q

Why can sound not travel through a vacuum when light can?

A

Sound is passed on by vibrating particles hitting one another – there are no particles in space so it cannot pass, unlike light

107
Q

Explain the following terms: -

Amplitude
Frequency
Pitch
Wavelength

A

Amplitude – loudness of the sound

Frequency – number of waves per second

Pitch – how high/low the sound is

Wavelength – how long each wave is

108
Q

Label the following diagram of the ear: -

A
109
Q

What is the audible range of most humans?

A

20 – 20’000 Hz

110
Q

What causes the seasons?

A

Earth tilts on its axis, which causes the seasons (in summer it is tilted towards the Sun, whilst in winter it is tilted away from the Sun)

111
Q

What is the gravity like on the moon?

A

The gravity is about 1/6th of the gravity on the Earth (as it is much smaller)

112
Q

What are the planets in our solar system called?

A

Mercury

Venus

Earth

Mars

(Asteroids)

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

(Pluto)

113
Q

Put the following in order of their size: -

Galaxy
Solar system
Planet
Star
Universe

A

Universe (largest)

Galaxy

Solar system

Star

Planet (smallest)

114
Q

What are the 10 types of energy?

A

Electrical

Light

Sound

Kinetic (movement)

Nuclear

Thermal (heat)

Radiant heat (infra red)

Gravitational

Elastic

Chemical

115
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred – draw out the energy transfers for the following: -

Electric microphone
Toaster
A falling ball

Are these energy transfers 100% efficient?

A

Electrical → Sound + Heat

Electrical → Heat + Light + Sound

Gravitational → Kinetic + Sound + Heat

None are 100% efficient because they all lose some energy as heat / sound etc…

116
Q

What is a turbine and how does it help to create electricity?

A

Turbines generate electricity by turning generators (coil of wire inside or magnet or a magnet inside a coil of wire)

117
Q

Name and explain 7 different types of energy resource

A

Fossil fuels (coal/oil/gas)

Biomass (wood/methane)

Solar

Geothermal (radioactive rocks deep within the Earth heat water)

Wind (turns turbines)

Nuclear (heat given off from radioactive materials)

Tidal (tides pull water through turbines)

Hydroelectric (water collected and then allowed to fall over turbines)

118
Q

Where does most energy originate?

What are the exceptions to this rule?

A

Most energy originates from the Sun (except for tidal and nuclear)

119
Q

What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy

Give an example of each

A

Non-renewable energy cannot be renewed or replaced

Renewable energy can be used again and again or replaced

120
Q

Explain how the following energy resources originate from the Sun: -

Fossil fuels (coal/oil/gas)
Wood (biomass)
Wind
Wave

A

Fossil fuels – used to be plants which originally got their energy from the Sun / animals which ate the plants

Wood – plants get their energy from Sun via photosynthesis

Wind – Sun heats Earth causing convection currents

Wave – wind causes waves

121
Q

Explain how power stations produce electricity

A

Fuel heats water into steam, which turns turbines, which spin generators (magnet spinning within a coil of wire)

122
Q

Explain how energy travels via conduction

A

Conduction – energy is passed from one particle to another

123
Q

Explain how energy travels via convection

A

Convection – particles move transferring the energy (usually in circles called convection currents)

124
Q

Explain how energy travels via radiation

A

Radiation – energy travels in waves

125
Q

What should pregnant women try to do to make sure their baby stays healthy in the uterus?

A

Do not smoke / drink / take drugs

Eat healthily and only have light exercise

126
Q

Explain how the following can affect the health of a baby in the uterus: -

Mother smoking
Mother drinking alcohol
Mother taking drugs

A

Smoking – low birth weight and respiratory problems (CO and CO2 are passed to baby)

Alcohol – low birth weight and possibly infant alcohol syndrome (symptomatic looks and learning difficulties)

Drugs – can be passed through placenta to baby which can lead to baby also being addicted

127
Q

Label the following picture of a villus: -

A
128
Q

Why are the villi important, and how are they adapted to do their job?

A

Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area of the small intestine to aid absorption

They are adapted as they have: a large surface area; they are one cell thick to aid absorption; they have a network of capillaries aiding absorption

129
Q

Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine which increase the surface area of the small intestine to aid absorption

They are adapted as they have: a large surface area; they are one cell thick to aid absorption; they have a network of capillaries aiding absorption

A

Antagonistic pairs

Muscle to muscle = ligaments

Muscle to bone = tendons

130
Q

What are the 4 different types of joint and where do we find examples of these?

A

Fixed (skull)

Hinge (elbow)

Pivot (neck)

Ball and socket (shoulder)

131
Q

What happens to the muscles, ribs, diaphragm and lungs during inhalation (breathing in)?

What happens to the muscles, ribs, diaphragm and lungs during exhalation (breathing out)?

A

Inhalation – intercostal muscles contract and the ribs move up and out; diaphragm contracts and flattens increasing the size of the thorax (chest) causing pressure to drop and air rush in

Exhalation – intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down and in; diaphragm relaxes and domes decreasing the size of the thorax (chest) causing pressure to increase and air rush out

132
Q

What is gaseous exchange and where does it occur?

Which gas is taken into the blood and which gas is removed?

A

When oxygen and carbon dioxide swap places, e.g. in the lungs where oxygen goes into the blood and carbon dioxide comes out

133
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

What can cause a stitch when you exercise strenuously?

A

Glucose → Lactic Acid (+ <energy></energy>

<p></p>

<p>A stitch is caused when lactic acid builds up</p>

</energy>

134
Q

What are the 3 ways in which white blood cells can attack microbes?

A

Engulfing – surround the microbe and destroy it

Making antibodies – allowing the body to recognise the microbe quickly so other white blood cells can destroy it

Making anti-toxins – neutralise the toxins made by the microbes

135
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

A

Bacteria – single celled organisms, which multiply inside the body (creating toxins which make you ill)

Viruses – small packets of DNA that inject their DNA into your own body cells (creating toxins which make you ill)

136
Q

What is the difference between natural, passive and active immunity?

A

Natural – individual catches the microbe, produces antibodies which recognise it and these remain within the body

Passive – antibodies are given to the individual (e.g. injection / mother to baby)

Active – dead / weakened microbe injected (vaccination) and the individual make antibodies without the chance of the microbe making them ill

137
Q

What 3 minerals are essential for a healthy plant and what is each one used for?

A

Phosphates – for photosynthesis and respiration

Nitrates – for protein production

Potassium – helps enzymes involved with photosynthesis and respiration

138
Q

Draw out the carbon cycle

A
139
Q

Draw out the nitrogen cycle

A
140
Q

What is variation and what is the difference between continuous and discontinuous variation?

A

Continuous – all the points are on a scale with no groups, e.g. height / weight

Discontinuous – groups, e.g. blood type / eye colour

141
Q

What happens to the energy as you go up the food chain?

Explain why this happens

A

The energy reduces as you go up the food chain because the animals use it for movement / heat / reproduction etc…

142
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect population size?

A

Migration

Predation

Competition (food / space etc…)

143
Q

What are the different kingdoms of classification?

A

Animal

Plant

Fungi

Protoctista (bacteria / blue-greens)

Monera (filamentous algae)

144
Q

What are the characteristics of the following classification groups: -

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish

A

Mammals – have hair / birth to live young / produce milk

Birds – have feathers / lay hard shelled eggs

Reptiles – have scales / lay leathery-shelled eggs

Amphibians – have moist skin / lay jelly-coated shells

Fish – have scales / lay eggs in water

145
Q

Explain the following chemical reactions & include a chemical equation: -

Fermentation
Smelting
Neutralisation
Rusting

A

Fermentation – using yeast to make alcohol

glucose + water → ethanol + carbon dioxide

Smelting – extracting pure metal from an ore

iron oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide

Neutralisation – removing an acid or alkali

acid + alkali → salt + water

Rusting – corrosion of iron

iron + water + oxygen → iron oxide

146
Q

Draw out the reactivity series and indicate how the metals react with oxygen

A

Potassium – burn easily with a bright flame

Sodium – burn easily with a bright flame

Calcium – burn easily with a bright flame

Magnesium – burn easily with a bright flame

Aluminium – react slowly when heated

Carbon – react slowly when heated

Zinc – react slowly when heated

Iron – react slowly when heated

Lead – react slowly when heated

Hydrogen

Copper – react slowly when heated

Silver – no reaction

Gold – no reaction

Platinum – no reaction

147
Q

Draw out the reactivity series and indicate how the metals react with water

A

Potassium – react with cold water

Sodium – react with cold water

Calcium – react with cold water

Magnesium – react with steam

Aluminium – react with steam

Carbon – react with steam

Zinc – react with steam

Iron – react with steam

Lead – no reaction

Hydrogen

Copper – no reaction

Silver – no reaction

Gold – no reaction

Platinum – no reaction

148
Q

Draw out the reactivity series and indicate how the metals react with acids

A

Potassium – violent reaction with dilute acid

Sodium – violent reaction with dilute acid

Calcium – violent reaction with dilute acid Magnesium – react fairly well with dilute acid

Aluminium – react fairly well with dilute acid

Carbon – react fairly well with dilute acid

Zinc – react fairly well with dilute acid

Iron – react fairly well with dilute acid

Lead – no reaction

Hydrogen

Copper – no reaction

Silver – no reaction

Gold – no reaction

Platinum – no reaction

149
Q

What are the chemical formula for the following: -

Copper sulfate
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Chlorine gas
Nitrogen gas

A

Copper sulfate – CuSO4

Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH)2

Calcium carbonate – CaCO3

Chlorine gas – Cl2

Nitrogen gas - N2

150
Q

Finish the following displacement reaction: -

Magnesium + Copper Sulfate →

Copper + Iron Sulfate →

Zinc + Iron Sulfate →

Potassium + Lead Sulfate →

A

Magnesium + Copper Sulfate → Magnesium Sulfate + Copper

Copper + Iron Sulfate = No Reaction

Zinc + Iron Sulfate → Zinc Sulfate + Iron

Potassium + Lead Sulfate → Potassium Sulfate + Lead

151
Q

How does a relay system work and what is it used for?

A

Relay systems are used as a safety feature allowing a small circuit to turn on a much bigger circuit

152
Q

How does an electric bell work?

A

Switch is pressed completing the circuit, which turns electromagnet on attracting the iron bar causing the hammer to hit the bell. As this occurs the circuit breaks turning off the electromagnet releasing the iron bar – this is repeated

153
Q

What are moments and what is the equation for working out moments on an object?

A

Moments are turning forces

Moment (Nm) = Force (N) x Distance (m)

154
Q

Label the following picture of a foetus in the uterus, explaining what each part does: -

A
155
Q

Explain the following types of data: -

Categoric
Continuous
Discrete
Ordered

A

Categoric: can fall into groups (e.g. boys and girls)

Continuous: can be any value (e.g. 4.776 seconds) – time, weight, distance etc…

Discrete: whole numbers only (e.g. number of people / layers)

Ordered: not numbers, but can be ranked (e.g. small, medium, large)

156
Q

What is validity? How can you increase the validity of an experiment?

A

A valid experiment tests what it is supposed to – validity is increased by ensuring all variables are controlled, and removing errors (e.g. experimental bias)

157
Q

What does accuracy mean? What can you do to increase the accuracy of an experiment?

A

Results are close to the true value – accuracy can be increased by controlling variables

158
Q

What does reliability mean? How can you increase the reliability of an experiment?

A

Reliability means that the results would be the same if they were repeated – reliability is increased by more repeats

159
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The independent variable is the variable that is changed

160
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The dependent variable is the variable that is measured

161
Q

Why do we normally use at least 5 different conditions in an experiment?

A

We do 5 tests to obtain a pattern – this will also highlight anomalous results

162
Q

In an experiment why do we normally repeat each condition at least 3 times?

A

We repeat at least 3 times to increase reliability – allowing us to spot anomalies and calculate a reliable average

163
Q

What is precision? How can you make your results more precise?

A

Small readings – it is increased by using a smaller scale (e.g. mm not cm)

164
Q

What is a systematic error?

How would you spot a systematic error?

A

Data that is all shifted in the same direction

165
Q

What is random error? How can you reduce the impact of random errors?

A

1 or 2 odd results that may be caused by equipment or experimental error – reduce the impact of random error by repeating results and removing anomalies from the average

SATs - Higher (1 decks)

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