SATs - Foundation Flashcards
What are the 7 life processes (and how can you remember these)?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
(Mrs Nerg)
Draw and label an animal cell
Draw and label a plant cell
What do the following parts of the cell do: -
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Nucleus – controls the cell (containing DNA)
Cytoplasm – where chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane – controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cell wall – keeps the shape of the cell
Vacuole – contains cell sap, stores water and minerals & helps in cell structure
Chloroplasts – contains the chlorophyll which traps the sunlight needed for photosynthesis
What parts of the cell are found in both plants and animals?
What parts are only found in plants?
Cell membrane, cytoplasm & nucleus
Plant only – chloroplasts, cell wall & vacuole
Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -
Sperm cell
Ovum (egg) cell
Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -
Palisade cell
Root-hair cell
Draw a picture of the following and explain how they are specialised: -
Cilia cell
Red blood cell
Which systems are the following organs part of: -
Stomach
Lungs
Bladder
Ovary
Brain
Pancreas
Ankle bone
Bicep muscle
Stomach – digestive
Lungs – breathing
Bladder – urinary
Ovary – reproductive
Brain – sensory
Pancreas – endocrine
Ankle bone – skeletal
Bicep muscle - muscular
What are the 7 things needed for a healthy diet?
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Fibre
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
How do you test for the following foods: -
Starch
Protein
Simple sugars (e.g. glucose)
Starch – add iodine (brown → black)
Protein – add Biuret solution (blue → purple)
Sugar – add Benedicts (blue → orange)
Label the digestive system below: -
What are the jobs of the following parts of the digestive system: -
Mouth / teeth
Stomach
Large intestine
Small intestine
Mouth / teeth – break food into smaller chunks to increase surface area & allow enzymes found in the saliva to work better – saliva also lubricates the food
Stomach – churns food, adds enzymes, add HCl creating the right pH for the enzymes (and kills bacteria)
Small intestine – adds all three enzymes and digests and absorbs all the food
Large intestine – absorbs the water and compacts the waste into faeces (poo)
What are enzymes, how do they work and why are they important?
Enzymes break food into small pieces – they work using a lock and key action (e.g. food can be broken down by a specific enzyme so it can be absorbed into the small intestine)
Label this picture of the urinary system and explain why it is important: -
a) Kidney
b) Ureter
c) Bladder
d) Urethra
What are the 3 different types of blood vessel?
Artery – carries oxygen rich blood away from the heart at high pressure
Vein – carries deoxygenated blood towards the heart at low pressure (has thin walls and valves to keep the blood flow in the correct direction)
Capillary – links arteries and veins: is very thin allowing oxygen and glucose to diffuse out of the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide and urea from the cells to the blood
What 4 different things make up the blood, and what is the job of each of these?
Red blood cells – carry oxygen around the body
White blood cells – help to defend the body against disease by engulfing bacteria and producing antibodies
Platelets – help the blood to clot (form scabs to stop bleeding)
Plasma – pale yellow liquid, which carries the red and white blood cells, hormones, glucose, urea and carbon dioxide
Label this picture of the skeletal system: -
a) Skull
b) Neck vertebrae
c) Breast bone (sternum)
d) Humorous
e) Radius
f) Ulna
g) Pelvis
h) Toes
i) Tibia
j) Fibula
k) Knee cap (patella)
l) Femur
m) Ribs
n) Collar bone (clavicle)
o) Jaw
What are the 3 main jobs of the skeleton?
Support
Movement
Protection
Label the following picture of a foetus in the uterus, explaining what each part does: -
a) Placenta
b) Amniotic fluid
c) Umbilical cord
d) Uterus
e) Cervix + mucus plug
What word describes the muscles becoming short and fat?
What words describes muscles returning to their normal state (remember: they never stretch)
Short & fat = contract
Back to normal = relax
What changes happen to boys and girls during puberty?
Girls – hips get wider; periods start; breast develop; ovaries release ovum + oestrogen hormone
Boys – shoulders widen; muscles develop; voice deepens; testicles drop; penis grows; testosterone produced by testes
Both – hormones produced can lead to mood swings and spots; pubic hair grows
Label the following picture of the male reproductive system: -
a) Testes
b) Scrotum
c) Sperm ducts
d) Glands
e) Penis
f) Bladder
g) Urethra
Label the following picture of the female reproductive system: -
a) Ovaries
b) Oviducts
c) Uterus
d) Cervix
e) Vagina
How long is the female menstrual cycle?
Which day is a woman most likely to become pregnant?
Menstrual cycle is 28 days
Pregnancy most likely on day 14
What is fertilisation & where does it happen?
How long does it take the foetus to develop and what happens when a woman goes into labour?
Fertilisation is the fusing of the sperm and ovum nuclei, usually occurring in the oviduct
The foetus takes 9 months to develop (labour) – the muscles of the uterus contract and the uterus gradually gets smaller which pushes the baby out of the vagina
Label the following picture of the breathing system: -
a) Trachea
c) Lung
e) Diaphragm
f) Intercostals muscles
h) Bronchus
i) Bronchioles
j) Alveoli
k) Ribs
Which has is taken into the blood and which gas is removed?
Oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood
How is oxygen carried around the body?
Why is oxygen important?
Oxygen carried around the body by red blood cells – this is important because oxygen is used to release energy via respiration
Cigarettes are bad for your health – which chemical coats the inside of the lungs and makes it harder to absorb oxygen?
Which chemical causes addiction to cigarettes and which chemical joins with the red blood cells reducing oxygen transportation?
Tar (coats lungs)
Nicotine (addictive)
Carbon monoxide (binds hemoglobin)
Which diseases can be caused by smoking?
Heart disease, lung cancer and emphysema
What is the equation for respiration & why is respiration important?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water (+ Energy)
Respiration is important as it releases energy
What is it called when your cells respire without oxygen?
Anaerobic respiration
What does the microbe yeast produce when it respires anaerobically (without oxygen)?
What is this called?
Ethanol (alcohol) – this is called fermentation
Name 3 micro-organisms
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
What is immunity?
Immunity means you can never catch the disease again because your body recognises the microbe and destroys it before it makes you ill
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
light
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll
Why is photosynthesis important for plants?
What can you do to make plants photosynthesise faster?
This is how plants make their food (needed for respiration)
It is made faster by increasing the temperature; sunlight; carbon dioxide; and water levels
What do the following terms means: -
Producer
Consumer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Carnivore
Herbivore
Producer – makes food from the sun via photosynthesis
Consumer – eats something else
Primary consumer – eats a producer
Secondary consumer – eats a primary consumer
Tertiary consumer – top of the food chain (last consumer)
Carnivore – eats only meat
Herbivore – eats on plants
Omnivore – eats both plants and meat
Draw a pyramid of number and a pyramid of biomass for the following food chain: -
Oak → Caterpillar → Bird
Give 2 characteristics that can be inherited from your parents and 2 which are not inherited
Inherited – from your parents, e.g. hair colour / eye colour
Environmental – things that change the way you look throughout your life, e.g. tattoos / piercings / scars
What is adaptation?
How are the following organisms adapted: -
Polar bear
Camel
Cactus
Adaptations – when an organism changes to suit it’s environment
Polar bear – camouflaged to help it hunt / thick fur / large feet to reduce pressure on the snow / large volume and small surface area to reduce heat loss
Camel – hump to store fat / large feet to reduce pressure on the sand / lightly coloured
Cactus – stores water / very small leaves to reduce water loss / long shallow roots
What do the particles look like in a solid, liquid and gas?
Think about their movement and arrangement
Fill out the following table: -
Fill in the names for the following changes of state: -
What is diffusion and how is affected by heat?
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until there is an even distribution
An increase in temperature increases the rate of diffusion (as particles move faster)
What is an element?
What is a compound?
What is a mixture?
Give an example of each
Element – 1 type of atom (e.g. gold)
Compound – 2 or more elements chemically bound (e.g. carbon dioxide)
Mixture – 2 or more elements or compounds not chemically bound (e.g. air)
What would you call the following compounds: -
Sulfur + oxygen
Iron + chlorine
Calcium + carbon + oxygen
Potassium + oxygen
Copper + sulfur + oxygen
Fluorine + fluorine
Sulfur dioxide
Iron chloride
Calcium carbonate
Potassium oxide
Copper sulfate
Fluorine
Explain how these techniques work and what you would use to separate them: -
Filtration
Evaporation
Filtration – separates insoluble solid from a liquid, e.g. sand and water: mixture filtered through filter paper with small holes in allowing soluble liquid through (but not the insoluble solid)
Evaporating – separates a soluble solid from a liquid, e.g. salt and water: solution is evaporated off leaving the solid (usually in the form of crystals)
Explain how these techniques work and what you would use to separate them: -
Chromatography
Distillation
Chromatography – separates different coloured liquids, e.g. dyes found in ink: spot of ink on chromatography paper which is placed in small amount of water and colours dissolve and rise up the paper (some better than others)
Distillation – separates different liquids due to different boiling points: mixture boiled until one liquid evaporates off (can then be condensed back into a liquid)
What are the properties of metals?
Found on the left side of the periodic table
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Strong and tough
Shiny when polished
Malleable
Sonorous
Ductile
High densities
High melting and boiling points
Some are magnetic
Can be mixed to form alloys
React with oxygen forming oxides
Metal oxides are basic
What are the properties of non-metals?
What are the exceptions to the rules?
Found on the right side of the periodic table
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Not hard wearing or strong
Dull
Brittle
Low melting and boiling points
Non-magnetic
React with oxygen forming oxides
Non-metal oxides are acidic
*Exceptions are graphite (made from carbon), which conducts
What is the difference between a chemical and a physical change?
Give an example of each
Chemical changes – hard to reverse and usually permanent (e.g. combustion)
Physical changes –reversible (e.g. freezing)
Explain the following terms: -
Solute
Solvent
Solution
Soluble
Insoluble
Saturated
Solute – a solid that dissolves
Solvent – a liquid that a solid dissolves in
Solution – a solid dissolved in a liquid
Soluble – something that dissolves
Insoluble – something that does not dissolve
Saturated – a point where no more solid is able to dissolve in a liquid
How is solubility affected by temperature?
Solubility increases as temperature increases
When do materials expand and contract?
Explain what happens in terms of particles
Materials expand when they are hot and contract when they are cold
When heated particles are given more energy and spread out / vibrate more causing the material to expand
When cooled particles have less energy and do not spread out as much / vibrate less causing the material to contract
What are the 3 types of weathering?
Physical, e.g. wind / rain / freeze-thaw
Biological, e.g. animals burrowing / plant roots growing
Chemical, e.g. acid rain caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power stations
Draw and describe the rock cycle
What are the 3 types of rock and how is each type formed?
Igneous – formed from cooled lava / magma
Sedimentary – layers of sediment being compressed over millions of years
Metamorphic – made from sedimentary rocks which have been heated and compressed
How can the 3 types of rock be distinguished?
Igneous – crystals
Sedimentary – layers and sometimes contain fossils
Metamorphic – layers and crystals
Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -
Oxidation
Reduction
Oxidation – when oxygen is added to something (e.g. combustion / respiration)
Reduction – when oxygen is taken away from something (e.g. smelting using carbon to turn iron oxide into iron)
Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -
Thermal decomposition
Neutralisation
Displacement
Thermal decomposition – using heat to break something up
Neutralisation – when an acid and an alkali are mixed together forming a neutral solution
Displacement – when a more reactive metals ‘swaps places’ with a less reactive metal
Explain the following chemical reactions, giving examples of each: -
Exothermic
Endothermic
Exothermic – gives off energy (heat), e.g. respiration / combustion
Endothermic – takes in energy (heat), e.g. photosynthesis
Give some examples of some useful chemical reactions
Combustion
Respiration
Photosynthesis
What is the reactivity of metals and how can it be remembered?
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Carbon
Zinc
Iron
Lead
*Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
Gold
Platinum
What are the 2 things needed for rusting?
How can rusting be prevented?
Water and oxygen
Painting (stops O2 and H2O)
Oil (stops H2O)
Galvanising (coating in zinc)
Sacrificial protection (more reactive metals react first)
Plastic coating (stops O2 and H2O)
What is the greenhouse effect?
What causes it and what environmental problems are there?
Greenhouse effect – a layer of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere prevents sunrays leaving the Earth, causing it to heat up
The increase in temperature can results in global weather conditions changing / ice caps melting etc…
What causes acid rain and what environmental problems are involved with acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released from power stations – these then dissolve in the rain causing acid rain which kills plants are erodes buildings
How do you test for the following gases: -
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen – squeaky pop with lit splint
Oxygen – relights a glowing splint
Carbon dioxide – puts out a lit splint / turns limewater cloudy when bubbled through it
Draw out the pH scale, giving some examples
List at least 6 facts you know about acids
Low pH (1-6)
Sour
Can be corrosive
Used to neutralise bases
Form hydrogen when reacted with a metal and carbon dioxide when reacted with a carbonate
All contain hydrogen
List at least 5 facts you know about alkalis
High pH (8-14)
Often feel soapy
Can be corrosive
Used to neutralise acids
Soluble bases
Bases are usually oxides, hydroxides and carbonates
During neutralisation a salt is made – what type of salt will the following make: -
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfates
Nitrates
Chlorides
What is an indicator?
What are the 2 most common indicators and which one do you think is best and why?
Indicators are dyes, which change colour depending on the pH
Universal indicator (red = acid; green = neutral; blue = alkali)
Litmus paper (red = acid and blue = alkali)
Litmus gives no indication of strength so UI better!
What causes indigestion?
Why do indigestion tablets help?
Indigestion is caused by too much stomach acid – indigestion tablets are alkali, neutralising the stomach acid
If an acid and an alkali give a salt describe an experiment you could do to create a solid salt
Mix acid and alkali until they are neutral (UI goes green)
Evaporate off the water leaving the salt
What are the chemical formula for the following: -
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid – HCl
Sulfuric acid – H2SO4
Nitric acid – HNO3
Sodium hydroxide – NaOH
What are the chemical formula for the following: -
Water
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen gas
Oxygen gas
Water – H2O
Carbon dioxide – CO2
Hydrogen gas – H2
Oxygen gas – O2
What are conductors and insulators?
Give examples of each
Conductors allow energy to flow through them (heat / electricity) whilst insulators do not
Conductors – e.g. metals
Insulators – e.g. plastic / wood
What do like charges do?
What do opposite charges do?
Like charges repel (e.g. +ve & +ve)
Opposite charges attract (e.g. +ve & -ve)
Explain the following terms: -
Current
Voltage
Resistance
Current – flow of electrons around a circuit
Voltage – push (energy) given to the electrons
Resistance – how easy it is for the electrons to flow around the circuit
Draw a series circuit with a battery, switch and 3 bulbs
What happens if 1 bulb breaks?
All bulbs go out if one breaks as circuit is not complete: -
What happens to the voltage and current in a series circuit?
What happens to the brightness of the bulbs if more are added?
In series: voltage shared & current the same
As more bulbs are added brightness is reduced
Draw a parallel circuit with a battery, switch and 3 bulbs
What happens if 1 bulb breaks?
Other bulbs remain on if one breaks as circuit remains complete: -
What happens to the voltage and current in a parallel circuit?
What happens to the brightness of the bulbs if more are added?
In parallel: voltage the same & current shared
As more bulbs are added brightness remains the same
Draw the magnetic field around a bar magnet
What do you need to make an electromagnet and how can you make electromagnets stronger?
Electricity / coil of wire / soft iron core
Strength can be increased by increasing the voltage / increasing the number of cells / adding a soft iron core
What can you do to give an object a static charge?
Rub objects together – rubbing removes the electrons from one object to another causing a charge
What would happen to 2 objects with the following charges: -
Positive and positive
Positive and negative
Negative and negative
Neutral and neutral
Repel
Attract
Repel
Attract
What is the equation for working out speed?
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
What are the 5 things forces can do?
Speed up
Slow down
Change direction
Change shape
Change size
What kind of movement do you get with balanced forces?
What kind of movement do you get with unbalanced forces?
Balanced = steady speed (including stationary)
Unbalanced = accelerating (speeding up / slowing down)
What is friction / air resistance
When is friction good and when is it bad?
Friction / air resistance is an opposing force (working in the opposite direction to the movement)
Friction is useful when trying to stop (e.g. brakes)
Friction is not useful when trying to go quickly (e.g. high sped in a car)
What are the 7 different types of force?
Air resistance
Friction
Gravity
Tension
Static electricity
Magnetism
Drive
Explain why snow shoes help to stop you sinking in the snow
Ski shoes spread the force of your weight over a larger area (reducing the pressure on the snow)
What is pressure & how can it be worked out?
Do objects with a large or small surface area have a larger pressure?
Pressure = Force ÷ Area
Pressure (Pascal) is the force applied to a certain area (objects with a smaller surface area have a larger pressure)
What are the units for the following: -
Force
Area
Mass
Pressure
Speed
Force = Newtons (N)
Area = (m2)
Mass = (Kg)
Pressure = Pascal (Pa)
Speed = (m/s)
What are the units for the following: -
Weight
Energy
Current
Resistance
Potential difference
Weight = Newtons (N)
Energy = Joules (J)
Current = Amps (A)
Resistance = Ohms (omega)
Potential difference = Volts (V)
Which travels faster: light or sound?
What speeds do they travel at?
Light travels faster than sound: -
Light = 300’000’000 m/s
Sound = 330 m/s
What must happen if we are to see something?
Light must reflect off an object and the light must then go to your eye
What is reflection and what is the law of reflection?
Reflection is when light bounces off an object – the angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence
What is refraction and what is the law of refraction?
Refraction is when light bends going through a different medium
When light enters a denser medium it bends towards the normal, and when it enters a less dense medium it bends away from the normal
What colours make up white light?
What is the scientific name for when light disperses to form a rainbow?
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Indigo
Violet
How do coloured filters work?
Explain what a blue object would look like through a red filter
Coloured filters only let specific colours through (e.g. red filters only allow red light to pass)
Blue objects would appear black through a red filter, as none of the blue light would be able to pass through
What makes blue objects look blue?
They absorb all colours of the spectrum except blue, which they reflect
Why can sound not travel through a vacuum when light can?
Sound is passed on by vibrating particles hitting one another – there are no particles in space so it cannot pass, unlike light
Explain the following terms: -
Amplitude
Frequency
Pitch
Wavelength
Amplitude – loudness of the sound
Frequency – number of waves per second
Pitch – how high/low the sound is
Wavelength – how long each wave is
Label the following diagram of the ear: -
What is the audible range of most humans?
20 – 20’000 Hz
What causes the seasons?
Earth tilts on its axis, which causes the seasons (in summer it is tilted towards the Sun, whilst in winter it is tilted away from the Sun)
What is the gravity like on the moon?
The gravity is about 1/6th of the gravity on the Earth (as it is much smaller)
What are the planets in our solar system called?
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
(Asteroids)
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
(Pluto)
Put the following in order of their size: -
Galaxy
Solar system
Planet
Star
Universe
Universe (largest)
Galaxy
Solar system
Star
Planet (smallest)
What are the 10 types of energy?
Electrical
Light
Sound
Kinetic (movement)
Nuclear
Thermal (heat)
Radiant heat (infra red)
Gravitational
Elastic
Chemical
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred – draw out the energy transfers for the following: -
Electric microphone
Toaster
A falling ball
Are these energy transfers 100% efficient?
Electrical → Sound + Heat
Electrical → Heat + Light + Sound
Gravitational → Kinetic + Sound + Heat
None are 100% efficient because they all lose some energy as heat / sound etc…
What is a turbine and how does it help to create electricity?
Turbines generate electricity by turning generators (coil of wire inside or magnet or a magnet inside a coil of wire)
Name and explain 7 different types of energy resource
Fossil fuels (coal/oil/gas)
Biomass (wood/methane)
Solar
Geothermal (radioactive rocks deep within the Earth heat water)
Wind (turns turbines)
Nuclear (heat given off from radioactive materials)
Tidal (tides pull water through turbines)
Hydroelectric (water collected and then allowed to fall over turbines)
Where does most energy originate?
What are the exceptions to this rule?
Most energy originates from the Sun (except for tidal and nuclear)
What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy
Give an example of each
Non-renewable energy cannot be renewed or replaced
Renewable energy can be used again and again or replaced
Explain how the following energy resources originate from the Sun: -
Fossil fuels (coal/oil/gas)
Wood (biomass)
Wind
Wave
Fossil fuels – used to be plants which originally got their energy from the Sun / animals which ate the plants
Wood – plants get their energy from Sun via photosynthesis
Wind – Sun heats Earth causing convection currents
Wave – wind causes waves
Explain how power stations produce electricity
Fuel heats water into steam, which turns turbines, which spin generators (magnet spinning within a coil of wire)
Explain how energy travels via conduction
Conduction – energy is passed from one particle to another
Explain how energy travels via convection
Convection – particles move transferring the energy (usually in circles called convection currents)
Explain how energy travels via radiation
Radiation – energy travels in waves
What should pregnant women try to do to make sure their baby stays healthy in the uterus?
Do not smoke / drink / take drugs
Eat healthily and only have light exercise
Explain how the following can affect the health of a baby in the uterus: -
Mother smoking
Mother drinking alcohol
Mother taking drugs
Smoking – low birth weight and respiratory problems (CO and CO2 are passed to baby)
Alcohol – low birth weight and possibly infant alcohol syndrome (symptomatic looks and learning difficulties)
Drugs – can be passed through placenta to baby which can lead to baby also being addicted
What does accuracy mean? What can you do to increase the accuracy of an experiment?
Results are close to the true value – accuracy can be increased by controlling variables
What does reliability mean? How can you increase the reliability of an experiment?
Reliability means that the results would be the same if they were repeated – reliability is increased by more repeats
What is the independent variable?
The independent variable is the variable that is changed
What is the dependent variable?
The dependent variable is the variable that is measured
Why do we normally use at least 5 different conditions in an experiment?
We do 5 tests to obtain a pattern – this will also highlight anomalous results
In an experiment why do we normally repeat each condition at least 3 times?
We repeat at least 3 times to increase reliability – allowing us to spot anomalies and calculate a reliable average
What is precision? How can you make your results more precise?
Small readings – it is increased by using a smaller scale (e.g. mm not cm)
What is a systematic error?
How would you spot a systematic error?
Data that is all shifted in the same direction
What is random error? How can you reduce the impact of random errors?
1 or 2 odd results that may be caused by equipment or experimental error – reduce the impact of random error by repeating results and removing anomalies from the average
What is validity? How can you increase the validity of an experiment?
A valid experiment tests what it is supposed to – validity is increased by ensuring all variables are controlled, and removing errors (e.g. experimental bias)
Explain the following types of data: -
a) Categoric
b) Continuous
c) Discrete
d) Ordered
Categoric: can fall into groups (e.g. boys and girls)
Continuous: can be any value (e.g. 4.776 seconds) – time, weight, distance etc…
Discrete: whole numbers only (e.g. number of people / layers)
Ordered: not numbers, but can be ranked (e.g. small, medium, large)
