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SAT Physics > SAT Subject Test Physics > Flashcards

SAT Subject Test Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

Galileo’s main principles

A
  • Bodies dropped from the same height will all fall with the same acceleration - Principle of inertia: the natural state of motion is uniform constant velocity
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2
Q

Newton’s laws

A

1st: law of inertia, 2nd: F=ma, 3rd: when two objects interact, an equal and opposite force acts on each object

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3
Q

Newton’s law of gravity

A

Fg=G*m1*m2/r^2

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4
Q

James Watt

A

developed the concept of power

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5
Q

Johann Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

A

1st: planetary motion is elliptical, 2nd: a line drawn from the central body (Sun) to an orbiting body (planet) will sweep equal areas of space in equal time intervals, 3rd: square of the period (time of one orbit) is proportional to the radius of the orbit, T^2 = r^3

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6
Q

Charles Augustin De Coloumb

A

Fe=k*q1*q2/r^2

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7
Q

George Simon Ohm

A

Ohm’s Law: V=IR

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8
Q

Micahel Faraday

A

introduced electromagnetic fields and electromagnetic induction

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9
Q

Henrich Lenz

A

dictates the direction of an induced current in a closed loop of conducting material, based on conservation of energy

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10
Q

James Clerk Maxwell

A

mathematically demonstrated that light is an electromagnetic wave

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11
Q

Thomas Young

A

performed the famous double-slit experiment

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12
Q

Christian Doppler

A

developed the Doppler effect concept

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13
Q

Lord Kelvin

A

developed the concept of absolute zero and its associated temperature scale

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14
Q

James Joule

A

Showed that heat and work are both methods of adding energy to a system

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15
Q

Albert Michelson

A

designed a device known as an interferometer to detect the motion of Earth through the invisible ether, but this experiment failed to prove the existence of the ether

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16
Q

JJ Thomson

A

discovered the electron, and developed plum-pudding model

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17
Q

Max Planck

A

founder of quantum theory

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18
Q

Einstein’s miracle year

A

1905; published four papers that changed physics

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19
Q

Einstein’s major achievements

A

Photoelectric effect (E=hf), Special relativity, mass-energy equivalence

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20
Q

Ernest Rutherford

A

using gold foil experiment, deduced that an atom was mostly empty space with a dense positive nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons

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21
Q

Neils Bohr

A

created “planetary model” of the atom with specific energy levels

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22
Q

astrophysics

A

the physics of celestial objects that seeks to resolve the origin of the universe and to explain its properties

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23
Q

chaos theory

A

when a complex series of events are set in motion, the results can vary drastically depending on small initial changes in the system; “the butterfly effect”

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24
Q

dark matter

A

accounts for missing mass of the universe

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25
Q

microprocessor

A

a complex, single circuit consisting of many miniaturized components. Microprocessors are based on semiconductor and transistor technology

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26
Q

semiconductor

A

a material that can act as a conductor or as an insulator (silicon most popular)

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27
Q

superconductor

A

a material that has zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature

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28
Q

string theory

A

hypothesizes that the elementary particles making up matter are actually linear oscillations or strings. This theory attempts to explain how everything interconnects, and hopes to eliminate inconsistencies among earlier theories.

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29
Q

transistor

A

can both amplify the electrical signal it receives and act as a switch. Typically has a base, collector, and emitter. A small amount of current passing through the base can control a larger current at the collector, which determines the amount of current leaving the transistor at the emitter.

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30
Q

essential kinematics equations

A
  1. vf2=vi2+2ax
  2. x=vit+(1/2)at2
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31
Q

Hooke’s law

A

Fs=kx

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32
Q

static equilibrium

A

the object has a constant velocity equal to zero

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33
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

the object has a constant velocity not equal to zero

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34
Q

vertical uniform circular motion

A

m*v2/r = mg (no tension)

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35
Q

centripetal/radial acceleration

A

ac=v2/r

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36
Q

elastic potential energy

A

Us=(1/2)kx2

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37
Q

work

A

W = Favg Δdparallel

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38
Q

Work done in uniform circular motion

A

No work is done, because motion is perpendicular to the force

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39
Q

power

A

P = Fv = W/t

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40
Q

conservative forces

A

when conservative forces act, the total mechanical energy in a system remains constant (for example, gravity or spring forces)

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41
Q

example of nonconservative force

A

friction

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42
Q

linear momentum

A

p=mv

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43
Q

impulse

A

J=FΔt

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44
Q

when objects interact in a closed system, the total _____ of the objects is conserved

A

momentum

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45
Q

elastic collision

A

objects collide and bounce off of each other without sticking

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46
Q

inelastic collision

A

two objects that collide and stick together

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47
Q

conservation means that the ____ energy is conserved, not that _____ is conserved

A

total; a particular

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48
Q

in what type of collision is kinetic energy conserved?

A

perfectly elastic

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49
Q

equation for escape velocity

A

vorbit =sqrt(GM/r)

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50
Q

perihelion

A

when planet is closer to the Sun, it will move at faster orbital speed

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51
Q

aphelion

A

when the planet is at its farthest point from the sun and moves more slowly

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52
Q

charging objects by conduction vs. induction

A

conduction: physical touching
induction: done without physically touching the object

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53
Q

electric force

A

FE=qE

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54
Q

electric field of point charge

A

E=k(q/r2)

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55
Q

the direction of increasing voltage is opposite ____

A

the direction of the electric field lines

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56
Q

in parallel plate problems, the _____ is usually the high potential plate, while the ____ is usually the low potential plate

A

positive plate; negative plate

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57
Q

magnitude of electric potential at a location in a uniform electric field

A

V=Ed

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58
Q

potential difference equation

A

ΔV=EΔd

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59
Q

equipotential lines

A

always perpendicular to the electric field lines

60
Q

electric potential of a point charge

A

V=k(q/r)

61
Q

electric potential energy

A

UE = qV = k(q1)(q2)/r

62
Q

work down by electric field

A

WE=-qΔV

63
Q

capacitance of parallel plates

A

C=(ε0)A/d

64
Q

as long as a capacitor is connected to a battery, it _____

A

will charge to the same voltage as that battery

65
Q

capacitance in relation to charge and potential

A

Q=CV

66
Q

energy of capacitor

A

UC=(1/2)(QV)=(1/2)CV2

67
Q

all resistors in a series circuit receive the same ____

A

current

68
Q

all resistors in a parallel circuit receive the same ____

A

voltage

69
Q

equivalent resistance in parallel

A

1/Rp=1/R1 + 1/R2 + …

70
Q

Joule’s Law of heat

A

Q=I2RT

71
Q

Power formula in circuit

A

P=IV=I2R

72
Q

The brightness of a lightbulb has directly to do with _____

A

power

73
Q

domains

A

groups of atoms having similar magnetic orientation

74
Q

How do you find the direction of magnetic field for a current-carrying wire?

A

Use the right-hand rule

75
Q

Magnitude of magnetic field of a wire

A

B=(u0/2π)*(I/r), where r is distance and I is current

76
Q

force from magnetic field on moving charge

A

Fb=qvBsinθ=q(vxB)

77
Q

use the left hand for ___

A

negative charges

78
Q

force on current-carrying wires

A

FB=ILxB=ILBsinθ

79
Q

emf

A

ℰ = Δϕ/t

80
Q

flux

A

change in area through which magnetic field passes or change in magnetic field strength

81
Q

for rectangular loop entering magnetic filed, emf equals _____

A

BL*v

82
Q

Lenz’s law

A

the induced current is a restoring force

83
Q

period of a spring in SHM

A

Ts=2π*sqrt(m/k)

84
Q

period of pendulum in SHM

A

Tp=2π*sqrt(L/g)

85
Q

when a wave changes medium ___ changes, but ____ stays the same

A

wave speed & wavelength; frequency

86
Q

electromagnetic waves from lowest to highest energy

A

radio waves, microwaves, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays

87
Q

Doppler effect

A

if the sound source is moving toward the observer, the observer hears a higher frequency. If it is moving away, the observer hears a lower frequency.

88
Q

node & antinode of standing wave

A

node is where the superposition of two saves creates destructive interference, and antinodes are the locations of greatest constructive interference

89
Q

how does one find the wavelength associated with a certain harmonic?

A

λn=(1/n)λ1

90
Q

how does one find the frequency associated with a certain harmonic?

A

fn=nf1

91
Q

beats

A

when there are two different frequencies being played, there will be constructive and destructive portions. The beat occurs when the destructive portions are at zero.

92
Q

beat frequency

A

fbeat=|f1-f2|

93
Q

convex lens, rules for objects at multiple points

A
  1. image at far distance will be located at the focal point on the opposite side of a converging convex lens.

]1. object outside of 2f: small image (M<1) and inside 2f on the far side

  1. object at 2f: image and object are same size, and at 2f on the far side.
  2. object between 2f and f: large image (M>1) and outside 2f on the far side.
  3. as objects move toward f, the image distance and image size increase.
  4. inside f, as object moves towards lens, image decreases in size and moves toward the lens
94
Q

when the object is outside the focus of a convergent convex lens, ______. when it’s not, _____.

A

the image is inverted and real; the image is upright and virtual

95
Q

a divergent concave lens always forms a ____

A

small, upright, and virtual image

96
Q

for a divergent lens, when the object moves towards the lens, the image _______

A

also moves toward the lens and becomes larger

97
Q

main difference between divergent lens and divergent mirror

A

the sides on which the images appear are switched

98
Q

index of refraction

A

n=c/v (c is speed of light, v is speed of light in medium)

99
Q

Snell’s law

A

n1sinθ1=n<span>2</span>sinθ<span>2</span>

100
Q

What happens when the density of the medium of the wave changes?

A

more n, more dense, θ1>θ<span>2</span> (less angle)

less n, less dense, θ<span>2</span>>θ<span>1</span> (more angle)

101
Q

total internal reflection

A

when moving to a lower density (higher angle), the new angle might hit 90 degrees. In this case, there’s simply total internal reflection. The minimum angle needed to cause total internal reflection is the critical angle.

102
Q

shadow region in diffraction

A

when the slit is very large, there will be large shadow regions in which light is absent

103
Q

Hyugens’ principle

A
  1. every oscillator in a wave creates spherical wavelets that propagate outward
  2. the wave front created by these oscillators is due to the combined interference of the wavelets
104
Q

results of double slit experiment

A

bright (constructive interference) and dark (destructive intereference) spots

105
Q

two mathematical relationships for young’s double-slit experiment

A

xm=(mλL)/d, where m is the # of the maximum, L is the space between screen and slits, and d is the space between the slits

d=mλsinθ

106
Q

the path difference is equal to _____

A

the number of the maximum times the wavelength

107
Q

polarization of light

A

the polarizing filter will only allow one direction of light through (the direction is perpendicular to the direction of the organic molecules in the filter)

108
Q

dispersion (prism)

A

when white light strikes a prism, each wavelength of light ahs a different wavelength and index of refraction, so each color bends at a slightly different angle as it enters and leaves the prism, with short wavelengths having the highest index of refraction and bending the most

109
Q

diffuse reflection

A

when light strikes a surface that is not smootha nd polished

110
Q

linear expansion

A

ΔL = αL0Δ​T

111
Q

average speed of ideal gas molecules

A

v=sqrt(3RT/M)

112
Q

average kinetic energy of gas

A

Kav=(3/2)kbT

113
Q

pressure

A

P=F/A

114
Q

ideal gas law

A

PV=NRT

115
Q

heat

A

Q, change in thermal energy

116
Q

conduction

A

heat is transferred when two objects at different temperatures physically touch each other

117
Q

convection

A

heat transfer by fluids (liquids and gases)

118
Q

radiation

A

heat transfer due to the absorption of light energy

119
Q

rate of heat transfer

A

Q/Δt = (kAΔT)/L

(L is the length of the object, A is cross sectional area, k is thermal conductivity)

120
Q

heat needed to change temperature of a substance with mass m

A

Q=mcΔT

121
Q

to solve for heat needed in phase changes involving a substance with mass m

A

Q=mL, where L is the heat of transformation (L is different depending on vaporization or melting)

122
Q

when heat is added to a substance that has started to melt,

A

temperature does not change - the heat goes towards fully melting/vaporizing the substance

123
Q

thermal energy of a gas

A

ΔU=(3/2)nRΔT

124
Q

isothermal process

A

temperature remains constant, so ΔU = 0

125
Q

isometric/isochoric process

A

volume of gas remains constant, so ΔV=0, and no work is done

126
Q

adiabatic process

A

no heat is added or removed, so Q=0

127
Q

first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy)

A

ΔU=Q+W

128
Q

heat engine

A

device that converts thermal energy into other forms of energy

129
Q

efficiency of heat engine

A

e=|QH-QC|/QH,

e=|TH-tC|/TH (note: REQUIRES KELVIN)

130
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy of an isolated cannot decrease (always increases), and once at equilibrium, entropy remains constant

131
Q

heat pump

A

transfers heat opposite the natural direction of movement, but must use energy greater than the energy released if the heat flowed normally

132
Q

Albert Einstein’s photoelectric effect equations

A

E=hf (energy is proportional to frequency), E=hc/λ

133
Q

increasing the frequency of photons for photocell does what?

A

increase potential of photocell and energy of emitted electrons

134
Q

equation of energy of emitted electrons in photocell

A

Kmax=hf-ϕ

135
Q

what happens when light intensity is increased in photocell?

A

increases number of electrons emitted and the current

136
Q

alpha particle

A

helium with 2 neutrons, 2 protons

137
Q

beta particle

A

no mass number, but has a -1 charge (basically an electron)

138
Q

gamma ray

A

has no mass, just a radiation

139
Q

most massive fundamental particles to least massive

A

alpha particle, neutron, proton, electron/beta particle, neutrino, gamma radiation

140
Q

mass-energy equivalence

A

E=(Δm)c2

141
Q

if you see a moving light source, _____

A

light will always appear at the same speed

142
Q

an object moving near or similar to the speed of light…

A

time will DILATE (clock on object appears to be going slowly), length CONTRACT (length affected only in direction of motion), mass will INCREASE (mass of a moving object will appear larger)

143
Q
A
144
Q

convergent

A

convex lens, concave mirror

145
Q

divergent

A

concave lens, convex mirror

146
Q

equations for lenses and mirrors

A

f=R/2 (R=radius of curvature0

1/f = 1/d0 + 1/di

M = hi/h0 = -di/d0

147
Q

convergent properties (convex lens and concave mirror)

A

If the object is outside f, the image is inverted (-hi) and real (+si). If the object is at f, the image is at infinity. If the object is inside f, the image is upright (+hi) and virtual (-si)

SAT Physics (1 decks)

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