Sat bio Flashcards
what is ground state
when an atom is in its lowest available energy level
what is an excited state
when an atom has the highest available energy level
what is an anion
A Negative ION
what are the three types of intermolecular attraction?
polar-polar, hydrogen bonds or non-polar
what is an isomer
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
how are monosaccharides joined together?
by dehydration synthesis aka condensation
what is the animal version of cellulose?
chitin
how many calories in one gram of protein?
4 calories
what is a prion
a protein that causes and infectious disease eg mad cow disease. its a misfolded protein that causes all the other proteins to misfold in the same way
what is radioactive iodine used to diagnose and treat?
thyroid disease
how big are eukaryotic cells
10-100 micrometers
how big are prokaryotic cells
1-10 micrometers
what is the theory of endosymbiosis?
eukaryotes came around when small prokaryotes took up residence in larger prokaryotes
where does intracellular digestion occur?
in lysosomes
what is cell death called
apoptosis
how many mitochondria are in an active cell
2500
do plant cells have lysosomes?
normally, no
what is a contractile vacuole?
a vacuole that pumps water out of the cell
where are plastids found?
in plants and algae
what does a leucoplast store?
starch
what does a chloroplast store?
chlorophyll
what does a chromoplast store?
carotenoid pigments
what are microtubules?
hollow tubes made out tubulin eg cilia, flagella, spindle fibres
what are microfilaments
small filaments made of actin eg cleavage furrow or skeletal myosin filametns
what is the secondary cell wall?
a gluey layer called the middle lamella which keeps daughter cells attached
what is cyclosis
when the cytoplasm circles around the entire cell
what are the types of proteins on a cell membrane?
integral (internal) and peripheral (external)
what happens if a plant cell loses too much water?
it loses its turgor pressure
what are the three type of endocytosis?
pinocytosis (small dissolved molecules), phagocytosis (large particles or small organisms via pseudopods), receptor mediated (taking up large amounts of specific substance eg cholesterol)
what is the difference between accurate and precise?
accurate = correct; precise = exact
how does a microscope show an image?
upside down and back wards so be careful!!!
how do i find the total magnification of a microscope
multiply the magnification of the ocular lens with that of the objective lens
what is a phase contrast microscope
a light microscope
how do i study the details of a membrane
use freeze fracture
whats the difference between nerve or muscles cells from the rest of cells
they lose the ability to divide in the G0 phase
what are cyclins
proteins that regulate the cell cycle
what are the types of regulators of the cell cycle?
external (eg growth factor) or internal
what percentage of cell life is spent in interphase?
90%
what is formed in plant cytokinesis
two cells joined by a sticky lamella
what is reduction division
meiosis 1
what is synapsis
when chromosomes pair up, right before crossing over
do plants have centrioles
no
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what is the outer compartment of a mitochondria?
the inter membrane space
what is pyruvic acid?
pyruvate
what does an electron transport chain create?
a proton gradient
what are the protein on an electron transport chain called?
cytochromes
what is the final proton and electron acceptor?
oxygen
how many ATPs do you get from NAD
3
how many ATPs do you get from FAD
2
how many ATP do you get from glucose
36
what is oil rig
oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
of electrons
is photosynthesis oxidation or reduction
reduction
what is an antennae in the context of plants?
an accessory pigment
what are phycobilins?
red deep sea algae
What is PGAL
G3P
what is cutin
the waxy cuticle
what is the law of dominance?
the theory of dominant and recessive traits
what is the law of segregation?
traits of parents separate into gametes
what is a backcross?
a test cross
what is incomplete dominance?
blending of traits eg colour
what is co dominance?
both traits show eg AB blood type
what is a sex influenced trait
eg baldness
NOT to be confused with sex LINKED traits
in a pedigree what are the symbols for male and female?
male = square, female = circle
what is aneuploidy?
the presence of abnormal chromosomes
what is an inversion mutation?
a chromosomal mutation when a chromosome fragment attaches in reverse orientaion
what is translocation?
a chromosomal mutation where a fragment becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome
what is phenylketonuria
an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. cannot break down amino acid phenylalanine. must be eliminated form diet or serious brain damage
what is cystic fibrosis
an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. build up of fluid in digestive system and lungs. 1/25 of white people have it
what is tay sachs disease
autosomal recessive genetic disorder. cannot break down lipids resulting in seizures blindness and death. common in ashkenazi jews
what is huntingtons disease
an autosomal dominant genetic degenerate disease of nervous system. onset is in middle age
what is hemophilia
sex linked genetic disorder. lack of blood clotting factor
what is down syndrome
chromosomal disorder. 47 chromosome. trisomy-21. characteristic facial features, mental retardation, prone to Alzheimer’s and leukaemia
what is klinefelters syndrome
male with extra X chromosome. sterile with abnormally small testes
what did Griffith discover
hypothesised bacterial transformations of genetic material
what did Avery and Maclead do?
they confirmed Griffiths hypothesis and noted that the material bacteria transferred was DNA
What did Hershey and Chase do?
they proved that DNA is the molecule of inheritance
What did Rosalind Franklin do?
she showed that DNA was a helix
What did Watson and Clark do?
they built on rosalind franklins work and discovered it was a double helix
what did messelon and stahl do?
they proved that DNA replication was semi-conservative
what are telomeres?
protective ends of chromosomes
what are introns
non coding regions of dna
what are exons
coding regions of DNA
What is an operon and what are the types
a cluster of function genes plus their ‘switches’
There is Lac/inducible (normally turned off unless triggered) and repressible (normally turned on unless turned off)
what is a pseudo gene?
Former genes form accumulated mutations
what is recombinant dna
taking two sources of DNA and recombining them. This could cure cystic fibrosis possible
What is microevolution?
changes in one gene pool over generations
what is macroevolution?
speciation
what do transitional fossils do?
they link old extinct fossils to modern species eg Archaeopteryx is a reptile and bird. or Hyracotherium is an ancient horse
what is an homologous structure
eg pentadactyl hand. Comes from DIVERGENT evolution
what is an analogous structure
eg fly and bat wing. Comes from convergent evolution
What was Lamarcks theory?
that animals passed down inheritable traits. also the theory of use and disuse
what is industrial melanism
moths evolved to be black instead of white due to the soot of industrialisation
what are the 3 types of diversity
mutations, genetic drift (bottle neck due to natural disaster or founder due to colonising new areas), and gene flow (pollen flowing form one valley to the next)