Sat bio Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what is ground state

A

when an atom is in its lowest available energy level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an excited state

A

when an atom has the highest available energy level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an anion

A

A Negative ION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three types of intermolecular attraction?

A

polar-polar, hydrogen bonds or non-polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an isomer

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how are monosaccharides joined together?

A

by dehydration synthesis aka condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the animal version of cellulose?

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many calories in one gram of protein?

A

4 calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a prion

A

a protein that causes and infectious disease eg mad cow disease. its a misfolded protein that causes all the other proteins to misfold in the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is radioactive iodine used to diagnose and treat?

A

thyroid disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how big are eukaryotic cells

A

10-100 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how big are prokaryotic cells

A

1-10 micrometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

eukaryotes came around when small prokaryotes took up residence in larger prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does intracellular digestion occur?

A

in lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is cell death called

A

apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many mitochondria are in an active cell

A

2500

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

do plant cells have lysosomes?

A

normally, no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a contractile vacuole?

A

a vacuole that pumps water out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are plastids found?

A

in plants and algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does a leucoplast store?

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does a chloroplast store?

A

chlorophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does a chromoplast store?

A

carotenoid pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are microtubules?

A

hollow tubes made out tubulin eg cilia, flagella, spindle fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are microfilaments

A

small filaments made of actin eg cleavage furrow or skeletal myosin filametns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the secondary cell wall?

A

a gluey layer called the middle lamella which keeps daughter cells attached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is cyclosis

A

when the cytoplasm circles around the entire cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the types of proteins on a cell membrane?

A

integral (internal) and peripheral (external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens if a plant cell loses too much water?

A

it loses its turgor pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the three type of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis (small dissolved molecules), phagocytosis (large particles or small organisms via pseudopods), receptor mediated (taking up large amounts of specific substance eg cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the difference between accurate and precise?

A

accurate = correct; precise = exact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how does a microscope show an image?

A

upside down and back wards so be careful!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do i find the total magnification of a microscope

A

multiply the magnification of the ocular lens with that of the objective lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a phase contrast microscope

A

a light microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how do i study the details of a membrane

A

use freeze fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

whats the difference between nerve or muscles cells from the rest of cells

A

they lose the ability to divide in the G0 phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are cyclins

A

proteins that regulate the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the types of regulators of the cell cycle?

A

external (eg growth factor) or internal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what percentage of cell life is spent in interphase?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is formed in plant cytokinesis

A

two cells joined by a sticky lamella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is reduction division

A

meiosis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is synapsis

A

when chromosomes pair up, right before crossing over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

do plants have centrioles

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the outer compartment of a mitochondria?

A

the inter membrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is pyruvic acid?

A

pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does an electron transport chain create?

A

a proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the protein on an electron transport chain called?

A

cytochromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the final proton and electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

how many ATPs do you get from NAD

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

how many ATPs do you get from FAD

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how many ATP do you get from glucose

A

36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is oil rig

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

is photosynthesis oxidation or reduction

A

reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is an antennae in the context of plants?

A

an accessory pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are phycobilins?

A

red deep sea algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is PGAL

A

G3P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is cutin

A

the waxy cuticle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is the law of dominance?

A

the theory of dominant and recessive traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the law of segregation?

A

traits of parents separate into gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is a backcross?

A

a test cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is incomplete dominance?

A

blending of traits eg colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what is co dominance?

A

both traits show eg AB blood type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is a sex influenced trait

A

eg baldness

NOT to be confused with sex LINKED traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

in a pedigree what are the symbols for male and female?

A

male = square, female = circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what is aneuploidy?

A

the presence of abnormal chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is an inversion mutation?

A

a chromosomal mutation when a chromosome fragment attaches in reverse orientaion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what is translocation?

A

a chromosomal mutation where a fragment becomes attached to a non-homologous chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is phenylketonuria

A

an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. cannot break down amino acid phenylalanine. must be eliminated form diet or serious brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is cystic fibrosis

A

an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. build up of fluid in digestive system and lungs. 1/25 of white people have it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is tay sachs disease

A

autosomal recessive genetic disorder. cannot break down lipids resulting in seizures blindness and death. common in ashkenazi jews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what is huntingtons disease

A

an autosomal dominant genetic degenerate disease of nervous system. onset is in middle age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is hemophilia

A

sex linked genetic disorder. lack of blood clotting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is down syndrome

A

chromosomal disorder. 47 chromosome. trisomy-21. characteristic facial features, mental retardation, prone to Alzheimer’s and leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is klinefelters syndrome

A

male with extra X chromosome. sterile with abnormally small testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what did Griffith discover

A

hypothesised bacterial transformations of genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what did Avery and Maclead do?

A

they confirmed Griffiths hypothesis and noted that the material bacteria transferred was DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What did Hershey and Chase do?

A

they proved that DNA is the molecule of inheritance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin do?

A

she showed that DNA was a helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What did Watson and Clark do?

A

they built on rosalind franklins work and discovered it was a double helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what did messelon and stahl do?

A

they proved that DNA replication was semi-conservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what are telomeres?

A

protective ends of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what are introns

A

non coding regions of dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what are exons

A

coding regions of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is an operon and what are the types

A

a cluster of function genes plus their ‘switches’

There is Lac/inducible (normally turned off unless triggered) and repressible (normally turned on unless turned off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is a pseudo gene?

A

Former genes form accumulated mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what is recombinant dna

A

taking two sources of DNA and recombining them. This could cure cystic fibrosis possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What is microevolution?

A

changes in one gene pool over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is macroevolution?

A

speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what do transitional fossils do?

A

they link old extinct fossils to modern species eg Archaeopteryx is a reptile and bird. or Hyracotherium is an ancient horse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what is an homologous structure

A

eg pentadactyl hand. Comes from DIVERGENT evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is an analogous structure

A

eg fly and bat wing. Comes from convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What was Lamarcks theory?

A

that animals passed down inheritable traits. also the theory of use and disuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what is industrial melanism

A

moths evolved to be black instead of white due to the soot of industrialisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what are the 3 types of diversity

A

mutations, genetic drift (bottle neck due to natural disaster or founder due to colonising new areas), and gene flow (pollen flowing form one valley to the next)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What is the hardy weinberg equilibrin

A

when a population doesnt really evolve. p = dominant q = recessive

p+q=1
p^2 + 2pq +q^2 =1

96
Q

what is coevolution

A

eg hummingbirds and flowers or humans and viruses

97
Q

what is gradualism

A

the belief that the tree of life has smooth curves

98
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

the belief that the tree of life has those sharp edges. created by Gould and eldrige

99
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when lots of species have a common ancestor eg cichlid fish

100
Q

what happened in the permian mass extinction

A

Lava from siberia killed everything 250 million years ago

101
Q

what happened in the cretaceous mass extinction?

A

an asteroid landed in the gulf of mexico 6 million years ago and also killed everything

102
Q

what did oparin and haldane say

A

hypothesis that organic molecules could form

103
Q

what did urey and miller do

A

they proved that oparin and haldane were right - organic molecules could form

104
Q

what did sidney fox do

A

he created membrane protenoid microspheres

105
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

system in which every organism has a two part name

106
Q

what are the 3 domains of classification

A

Bacteria, Archae and Eukarya

107
Q

what is conjugation

A

a primitive form of sexual reproduction carried out by some bacteria

108
Q

do bacteria have introns?

A

no

109
Q

what are the three types of bacteria?

A

methanogens (produce methane from hydrogen), halophiles (thrive in high salt concentrations) and thermophiles (thrive in high temperatures)

110
Q

are protists autotrophs or heterotrophs

A

they can be both. hetero trophs eg amoeba or paramecium. autotrophs eg euglenas

111
Q

how do plant generations work

A

they alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations

112
Q

what are the types of tissues in plants

A

vascular tissue (traecheophytes) and not vascular tissue (bryophytes)

113
Q

how many phyla are there for animals?

A

35 but only 9 are important. porifera, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and chordates

114
Q

what is the ectoderm

A

the outer layer of tissue that becomes the skin and nervous system

115
Q

what is the endoderm

A

the innermost layer of tissue that becomes visceral tissue (digestive system and lungs)

116
Q

what is the mesoderm

A

the middle layer of tissue that becomes blood, muscle and bones. porifera and cnidarians dont have this, only a gluey layer called the mesoglea

117
Q

what is triploblastic

A

an animal with 3 true layers

118
Q

what is cephalisation

A

the development of a head

119
Q

coelem

A

fluid filled body cavity that provides space for complex organ systems

120
Q

anticoelmate

A

an organism that doesnt have an coelem (eg flatworm

121
Q

pseudocoelmate

A

fluid filled tube that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton

122
Q

what are porifera

A

sponges

123
Q

whats a cnidarians

A

a jellyfish or hydra. they are either polyps (sessile and asexual) or medusa (motile and sexual). only two layers. has stinging cells called cnidocytes with nematocytes

124
Q

what is a platyhelmintes

A

a flatworm or tapeworm. have bilateral symmentry and only one digestive opening

125
Q

what are nematodes

A

round worms. they are unsegmented and parasitic eg trichinella or celegan

126
Q

what is an annelid

A

segmented worms eg earthworms, leeches. have a crop, gizzard and intestine. have a mephridia which is involved in excretion of urea. closed circulatory system

127
Q

what is a mollusk

A

squid octopus, slug, clam, snails. have a head foot, visceral mass and mantle that secretes a shell. has a radula (tongue like structure with teeth). Has gills and nephridia

128
Q

what is an arthropod

A

insects, crustaceans and arachnids. has a head, thorax and abdomen and an open circulatory system. has a trachea and malpighian tubules for removal of uric acid

129
Q

what is and echinoderm.

A

a sea star or urchin. either sessile or slow. bilateral as an embryo, radial as an adult. reproduce via external fertilisation or fragmentation. have a calcium plate endoskeleton.

130
Q

what is chordata

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. have a notochord (a spine). can be homeotherms (warm blooded) or endotherms (cold blooded)

131
Q

what is a monotreme

A

an egg laying mammal

132
Q

what is a LUCA

A

last universal common ancestor. about 4 million years ago

133
Q

what is a cladogram

A

shows evolutionary history. aka phylogenetic tree

134
Q

how long is the digestive tract

A

30 feet

135
Q

how is food directed to oesophagus

A

by epiglottis

136
Q

what is pepsinogen

A

the form of pepsin before it is activated by Hcl

137
Q

what is the pH of stomach acid

A

2 or 3

138
Q

what is the pH of the intestines

A

8

139
Q

what causes ulcers

A

H. Pylori

140
Q

how are proteins broken down in the small intestine

A

by peptidases eg trypsin or chymotrypsin

141
Q

how does the pancreas neutralise stomach acid

A

with sodium bicarbonate

142
Q

how long is the rectum

A

7 to 8 inches

143
Q

what does the medulla do

A

sets the breathing rhythm

144
Q

how is carbon dioxide carried

A

in the plasma of blood. used to regulate pH in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system to 7.4

145
Q

what is serum

A

plasma but without clotting factor

146
Q

what mineral is needed fro blood clotting

A

calcium

147
Q

how does blood clotting work

A

damaged tissue/platelets release thromoblastin which stimulates prothrombin to become thrombin. this stimulate fibrinogen to become fibrin

148
Q

what is the average heart rate

A

70 beats per minute

149
Q

what sets the pace of the heart

A

the sinotrial (SA) nodule

150
Q

what is the average blood pressure

A

120/80

151
Q

how does blood pressure work

A

the systolic (top) number measures pressure when ventricles contract. the diastolic (bottom) number measure pressure when ventricles relax

152
Q

what is the difference between the endocrine and nervous system

A

the endocrine system secrete hormones and the nervous system secretes neurotransmitters

153
Q

where are hormones produced

A

in ductless glands

154
Q

what is a tropic hormone

A

a hormone that stimulates glands to release other hormones

155
Q

what are steroid hormones

A

hormones that go directly into cytoplasm of cell

156
Q

what are polypeptide hormones

A

hormones that just bind to receptor on surface of cell and uses cAMP to trigger a specifc response

157
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

all nerves not includes in the central nervous system

158
Q

what are the different types of neurones

A

sensory (which convey sensory information) and motor ( which stimulates muscle movements)

159
Q

what are the different types of motor neurons

A

somatic (controls skeletal, striated, voluntary muscles) and autonomic (controls smooth, involuntary muscles)

160
Q

whats the difference between sympathetic and para sympathetic nervous systems?

A
sympathetic = stress response
parasympathetic = digestion. opposes sympathetic
161
Q

what are dendrites

A

those spiky projections on a neurons ‘head’

162
Q

what is an axon

A

the ‘tail’ of the neuron that is coated in myelin sheath

163
Q

what is the resting potential of a neuron

A

normally it is polarised at -70mV on the inside

164
Q

what is the action potential of a neuron

A

when a stimulus strong enough to trigger the sodium potassium channel to reverse causing a wave of depolarisation. sodium goes into the cell. potassium goes out

165
Q

what is the refractory period

A

a short time of repolarisation

166
Q

what is a eustachian tube

A

in the ear. equalises pressure

167
Q

what is the semicircular canal in the ear

A

fluid filled thing that helps with balance

168
Q

what is the tympanum in the ear

A

ear drum that vibrates with sound waves

169
Q

what is the oval window

A

an ear part that cends waves of pressure to the cochlea

170
Q

what does the anterior pituitary release

A

growth hormone, lutenising hormone (stimulate ovaries and testes), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids), FSH (stimulate gonads to produce sperm/ova)

171
Q

what does the posterior pituitary produce

A

oxytocin (stimulates contractions of uterus and mammary glands), ADH (water retention in kidneys)

172
Q

what does the thyroid produce

A

thyroxin (controls metabolic rate) and calcitonin (lowers blood calcium levels

173
Q

what does the parathyroid produce

A

parathormone which raises blood calcium levels

174
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

glucocorticoids which raises blood sugar levels

175
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine which control blood sugar levels by increasing rate of glycogen breakdown in liver

176
Q

what does the pancreas (islet of langerhans) produce

A

insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose)

177
Q

what does the thymus (in the neck) produce

A

thymosin (stimulate t lymphocytes in immune response)

178
Q

what does the pineal (in the brain) produce

A

melatonin

179
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen and progesterone

180
Q

what do the testes produce

A

androgens

181
Q

what are muscles made of

A

myofibrils. actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

182
Q

where does absorption of nutrients occur

A

in the latter part of the small intestine

183
Q

where does starch digestion finish

A

in the small intestine

184
Q

where are vitamins produced

A

in the colon by symbiotic bacteria

185
Q

what is parthogenesis

A

when an egg develops without being fertilised and is haploid. eg honeybees

186
Q

what is a hermaphrodite

A

an organism that fertilises itself

187
Q

what is the vas deferens

A

the duct that carries sperm from epididymus to penis

188
Q

what is a corpus luteum

A

the cavity left behind after ovulation. secrete oestrogen and progesterone

189
Q

how does the menstrual cycle work

A

the hypothalamus release GnRH which stimulate the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen and progesterone which stimulate the endometrium to thicken

190
Q

what are the stages of sperm creation

A

a spermatogen (2n) undergoes mitosis to become a primary spermatocyte (2n) which undergoes meiosis 1 to become spermatocyte (n) which undergoes meiosis2 to become a spermatid which become spermatozoa

191
Q

what is the cleavage state of embryonic development

A

rapid mitotic division following fertilisation

192
Q

what is blastula

A

the marking of the end of cleavage. the fluid inside is called blastocoel and the cells are called blastomeres

193
Q

what is gastrulation

A

the process of differentiation of organs and the rearrangement into the 3 layers

194
Q

what is organogenesis

A

when cells of an embryo differentiate to become organs

195
Q

what are the stages of embryonic development

A

zygote, blastula, gastrula, foetus

196
Q

what is a chorion

A

a membrane which allows for diffusion of gases in a bird egg

197
Q

what is an allantois

A

akin to placenta which conducts respiratory gases and stores nitrogenous waste in bird eggs

198
Q

what do prostate glands secrete

A

semen

199
Q

what is the viscera

A

the lungs, liver and digestive system

200
Q

what is an interferon

A

a chemical released by the immune system to block against viral infections

201
Q

what is an antigen

A

anything that triggers an immune response

202
Q

what is a b lymphocyte

A

a cell from the humural response which secretes antibodies.

203
Q

what is a t lymphocyte

A

part of cell mediated response. fights pathogens and kills infected cells

204
Q

what is clonal selection

A

memory and plasma cells

205
Q

what is passive immunity

A

immunity from borrowed antibodies eg colostrum from first breast milk is 100% antibodies

206
Q

what is active immunity

A

when you make your own antibodies

207
Q

which blood group is the universal donor

A

blood group o

208
Q

which group is the universal recipient

A

blood group AB

209
Q

what is reverse transcripterase

A

an enzyme used by retroviruses to turn their RNA into DNA

210
Q

what did von frisch do

A

he was an ethologist who studied imprinting with geese

211
Q

what did tinenberg do

A

he was an ethologist who studied fixed acion patterns

212
Q

what are fixed action patterns

A

they are characteristic responses triggers by a release or a sign stimulus. eg the stickleback fish thinks that all red things are the belly of a intruders

213
Q

what is habituation

A

when an organism becomes accustomed to a stimulus

214
Q

what is associative learning

A

when one stimulus is linked to another. there is classic condition (eg pavlov dogs) and operant conditioning (trial and error learning eg Skinners rats pressing lever for food)

215
Q

what is agnostic behaviour

A

aggressive behaviour

216
Q

what is dominance hierarchy

A

the pecking order

217
Q

how does altruism evolve

A

via kin selection

218
Q

what are r strategists

A

organisms that have lots of babies when times are good

219
Q

what are k strategists

A

organisms that have a few, well cared for babies in good times

220
Q

what did gause do

A

developed the idea of competitive exclusion with amoeba. 2 species cannot coexist if they share a niche. either one must go extinct or one must evolve into a different niche, this is called resource partitioning

221
Q

what is character displacement

A

when one species fragments to avoid competition eg finches with different beak types for different nuts

222
Q

what is aposematic colouration

A

when an organism is coloured bright red/ orange to warn predators of their poisonousness

223
Q

what is batesian mimicry

A

when a harmless animal mimics and poisonous one

224
Q

what is mullerian mimicry

A

when 2 poisonous animals mimic each other

225
Q

what are the three types of symbiotic relationships

A

mutualism (+/+)
commensalism (+/o)
parasitism (+/-)

226
Q

what are diatoms

A

photosynthetic algae that live in the ocean

227
Q

what is primary ecological succession

A

soil building in a lifeless area

228
Q

what is secondary ecological succession

A

new growth of a ruined ecosystem that still has soil

229
Q

what is a blowout

A

a disaster that destroys and ecosystem

230
Q

how much oxygen does the tropical rainforest produce

A

20% in 4% of worlds area. there are always at equator

231
Q

what is an epiphyte

A

a viney like plant in the rainforest that crawls up the trees

232
Q

how much rain does a desert get

A

less than 10 inches

233
Q

what is a temperate deciduous forest

A

a forest that drops its leaves in the winter

234
Q

what is a conifer forest

A

a forest that doesn’t drop its leaves in the winter. aka taiga or borreal

235
Q

what is the pH of acid rain

A

5.6

236
Q

what are some examples of humans moving species

A

the ‘killer’ african bee or the zebra mussel that clogged lake erie