SAS P1 L4c

Question 1

Name some special WHERE operators

(5 plus a repeat)

Answer 1

CONTAINS

BETWEEN … AND

WHERE SAME AND

IS NULL or IS MISSING

LIKE

Question 2

CONTAINS operator

what is it?

symbol?

Mnemonic?

Definition?

What does it do?

Case sensitive?

Answer 2

CONTAINS operator:
special WHERE operator
symbol = “?”
Mnemonic: CONTAINS
definition: includes a substring
CONTAINS checks if value contains substring
- position in substring doesn’t matter
CASE SENSITIVE

Question 3

Special WHERE operators:

how define an inclusive range?

Answer 3

BETWEEN … AND

Question 4

Special WHERE operators:

how augment a WHERE expression?

Answer 4

WHERE SAME AND

Question 5

Special WHERE operators:

how check for missing value? (2 ways)

characters?

numeric?

Answer 5

IS NULL

IS MISSING

both work for character and numeric

Question 6

Special WHERE operators:

how check for matching a pattern?

Answer 6

LIKE

Question 7

LIKE
What does it use?(2) how many char work for?
consecutive?
how many can use in same pattern?
how express statement to match?

Answer 7

Uses 2 special symbols

% - can replace any number of characters (can be zero too)

_ (underscore) - replaces one character

can have consecutive underscores

can use both in same pattern

Need to be in quotes (entire statement) to match

Question 8

What is an ID Statement?

Answer 8

ID Statement:

Used in PROC PRINT to specify different info to print instead of obs column

Question 9

What does PROC SORT do?

what does it sort on?
types?
in what order does it sort?

Answer 9

PROC SORT:

can SORT on one or multi variables

char or numeric
ascending or descending order

Question 10

How does PROC SORT work?
First?
Then?

Where does it put everything?

Answer 10

PROC SORT

first rearranges obs in input data set

then SAS creates data set that contains rearranged obs either by replacing original data set (= default)

or by creating new data set:

• this is optional, would need semicolon after

Question 11

What’s needed for PROC SORT?

Number of statements?

Answer 11

PROC SORT needs three statements:

PROC SORT DATA= statement
(needed to specify data set)

BY statement - one or more BY variables

RUN statement

Question 12

FORMAT of BY statement?

default?

what if want descending? for more than one var?

Answer 12

BY BY-variable(s)

(default is ascending)

need to specify descending in front of each variable wanted in descending order

Question 13

Where else can use BY statement?

Answer 13

Can use BY statement in PROC PRINT too

• to group data
• data needs to already be sorted

Question 14

Assigning Titles and Footnotes:

Where do titles appear?

Footnotes?

What are default title, footnote?

Answer 14

Titles are at top of page

Footnotes at bottom

Default title = “SAS System”

No default footnote

Question 15

Syntax of TITLE?

Syntax of FOOTNOTE?

How change line printed on? default?

does quote type matter?

What kind of statements are they?

Answer 15

TITLEn ‘text’;

FOOTNOTEn “text”;

n indicates on which line title / footnote appears

If no number, assumes line 1

quotes around text can be single or double

TITLE and FOOTNOTE are GLOBAL statements

Question 16

How change TITLE or FOOTNOTE?

What happens to other titles?

Answer 16

To change title or footnote, write a new title statement with the same number but new text

Also cancels all titles with line numbers less than changed title statement.

Question 17

How cancel all Titles / Footnotes?

Best practice?

Answer 17

Specify null title and footnote:

TITLE;
FOOTNOTE;
no #s, no text

Best practice is to do this at end of program.

Question 18

How assign temporary labels?

Syntax?

Length?

if multiple labels?

Answer 18

LABEL statement assigns temporary labels

Syntax:
LABEL variable1 = ‘label’
variable2 = ‘label’….;

labels can be up to 256 char

can specify multiple labels in one statement or use separate for each

Question 19

How tell PROC PRINT to display labels?

example syntax?

Answer 19

Must ADD LABEL to PROC PRINT to tell it to display labels:

PROC PRINT DATA= orion.sales label;

Question 20

What does SPLIT do?

What can you leave out if you use SPLIT?

Answer 20

SPLIT specifies control character to trigger line break.

• A space can be the control character.
• If use SPLIT, don’t need to specify label in PROC PRINT, SPLIT serves to do that.

PROC PRINT DATA= orion.sales split=”*”; (asterisk is control char)
VAR Employee_ID Last_Name Salary;
LABEL Employee_ID=”Sales ID”
Last_Name= “Last Name”
Salary= “Annual*Salary”
RUN;