SAS 3 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys & Urine Formation

Question 1

The most important organ in the genitourinary tract

Answer 1

The pair of kidneys

Question 2

What influences the urine formation?

Answer 2

Nephrons & Renal Corpuscle

Question 3

Why is urine formation given emphasis?

Answer 3

The process of urine formation is given emphasis because this kidney function makes it possible for laboratorians to quickly examine and find out whether the kidneys function normally or not

Question 4

What is the main focus of Module 2 in AUBF?

Answer 4

1. To trace the blood flow as it enters the kidneys until it leaves the kidneys.
2. To trace the formation of urine from the blood that enters the kidneys up until urine exits the genitourinary tract.

Question 5

What is Nephron?

Answer 5

It is a functional unit of the kidney that forms urine.

Question 6

Label the parts of the Nephron (see phone)

Answer 6

See phone

Question 7

Factors affecting glomerular filtration in the
renal corpuscle (and label them; see phone)

Answer 7

• Afferent arteriole
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Oncotic Pressure (unfiltered plasma proteins)
• Foot processes of podocyte
• Bowman’s space
• Proximal convoluted tubule
• Basement membrane
• Endothelium
• Visceral epithelium (podocyte)
• Efferent arteriole

Question 8

The relationship of the nephron to the kidney and excretory system (label the parts).

Answer 8

See picture

Question 9

The relationship of nephron areas to renal function tests.

Answer 9

See picture

Question 10

State the functions of the GUT (1-5)

Answer 10

1. Excretion of waste products of metabolism (urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other organic acids) and xenobiotics (foreign chemicals like drugs and toxins) via urine formation that serves as the medium for elimination of these substances.
2. Regulation of the blood volume via the renin (from juxtaglomerular apparatus) - angiotensin (from blood vessels) - aldosterone (from adrenal cortex) system (RAA), renal concentration & dilution, and water & electrolyte balance
3. Blood pH regulation via the phosphate buffers, bicarbonate and ammonia.
4. Endocrine function aside from RAA such as the synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO).
5. Immune function via the phagocytic action of podocytes.

Question 11

Algorithm of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 11

See picture (page 15 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 12

Actions of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 12

1. Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole
2. Stimulation of sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
3. Triggers the adrenal cortex to release the sodium retaining hormone, aldosterone, to cause reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
4. Triggers release of antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalmus to stimulate water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Question 13

Renal concentration

Answer 13

See picture (page 16 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 14

The effect of hydration on renal concentration.

Answer 14

See picture (page 22 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 15

Reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate.

Answer 15

See picture (page 18 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 16

Excretion of secreted hydrogen ions combined with phosphate

Answer 16

See picture (page 18 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 17

Excretion of secreted hydrogen ions combined with ammonia produced by the tubules.

Answer 17

See picture (page 18 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 18

What sequence does urine formation follows?

Answer 18

It starts from the filtration of blood up until the excretion of the urine out of the urethra.

Question 19

The urine is a body fluid produced in the kidneys using three (3) major steps that is shown by the equation:

Answer 19

Urine = 1 + 2 - 3

1 - Glomerular filtration of blood (to produce an ultrafiltrate)

2 - Tubular Secretion (tubules add substances to the ultrafiltrate)

3 - Tubular reabsorption (latter tubulature removes substances and bring them back to the bloodstream)

Question 20

Tubular Reabsorption

Answer 20

Active Transport (Substance; Location)
Passive Transport (Substance; Location)

See table (page 16 in Urinalysis and Body Fluids reference book)

Question 21

Label the Visceral organs

Answer 21

See SAS 4

Question 22

Label the Visceral organs

Answer 22

See SAS 4

Question 23

Label the kidney structure

Answer 23

See SAS 4

Question 24

Correct sequence of the structures in Conducting Blood

Answer 24

1. Arcuate arteries
2. Interlobar arteries
3. Interlobular arteries
4. Efferent arteries
5. Afferent arteriole
6. Peritubular capillaries
7. Arcuate veins
8. Interlobular veins
9. Interlobar veins
10. Renal vein

Question 25

Correct sequence of the structures in Conducting Urine

Answer 25

1. Glomerular Tuft
2. Proximal Convoluting Tube
3. Descending loop of Henle
4. Ascending loop of Henle
5. Distal Convoluting Tube
6. Collecting Duct
7. Renal Pyramid
8. Renal Pelvis
9. Ureters
10. Urinary bladder