SAS# 3 Flashcards
viewed as a continuum of events that occur from conception to death
AGING
(Ignatavicious and Workman, 2005)
I. Biological Theories of Aging
A. Stochastic Theory
Free radical
Error
Wear and tear
Connective tissue/cross-linked
B. Nonstochastic Theories
Programmed Theory
Gene/biological clock theory
Neuroendocrine theory
Immunological theory
Based on random events that cause cellular damage that accumulates as the organisms ages
Stochastic Theories
Membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins are damaged by ____ which causes cellular injury and aging
Free radical theory
Errors in DNA and RNA syntesis occur with aging
Error Theory
Cells wear out and cannot function with aging
Wear and tear theory
With aging, proteins impede metabo processes and cause trouble with getting nutruents to cells and removing cellular waste
Connective tissue/Cross-linked theory
Based on genetically programmed events that cause cellular damage that accelerates aging of the organism
Nonstochastic Theories
Cells divide until they are no longer able to, and this triggers apoptosis or cell death
Programmed Theory
Problems with hypothamlamus-pituitary-endocrine gland feedback system cause disease; increased insulin growth factor accelerates aging
Neuroendocrine theory
Aging is due to faulty immunological function, which is linked to general well-being
Immunological Theory
I. Psychosocial Theories of aging
A. Sociological Theories
Activity Disengagement
Subculture
Continuity
Age stratification
Person-Environment Fit
GeroTranscendence
B. Psychological Theories
Human needs
Individualism
Stages of Personality Development
Life-course/lifespan development
Selective optimization with compensation
Changing roles, relationships, status and generational cohort impact the older adult’s ability to adapt
Sociological Theories
Remaining occupied and involved is necessary to a satisfying late-life. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships serves to maintain social equilibrium and promote internal reflection
Activity Disengagement
The elderly prefer to segregate from society in an aging subculture sharing loss of status and societal negativity regarding the aged. Health and mobility are key determinants of social status
Subculture
Personality influences roles and life satisfaction and remains consistent throughout life. Past coping patterns recur as older adults adjust to financial and social decline and contemplate death. Identifying with one’s age group, finding a residence compatible with one’s limitations, and learning new roles postretirement are major tasks.
Continuity
Society is stratified by age groups that are the basis for acquiring resources, roles, status, and deference from others. Age cohorts are influenced by their historical context and share similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of life course transitions
Age stratification
Function is affected by ego strength, mobility, health, cognition, sensory perception, and the environment. Competency changes one’s ability to adapt to environmental demands
Person-Environment Fit
The elderly transform from a materialistic/rational perspective toward oneness with the universe. Successful transformation includes an outward focus, accepting impending death, substantive relationships, intergenerational connectedness, and unity with the universe.
Gerotranscendence
Explain aging in terms of mental processes, emotions, attitudes, motivation, and personality development that is characterized by life stage transitions
Psychological Theories
Five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfillment
Human needs
Personality consists of an ego and personal and collective unconsciousness that views life from a personal or external perspective. Older adults search for life meaning and adapt to functional and social losses
Individualism
personality develops in eight sequential stages with corresponding life tasks.
Stages of personality development
characterized by evaluating life accomplishments; struggles include letting go, accepting care, detachment, and physical and mental decline
The eight phase,
INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR
Life stages are predictable and structured by roles, relationships, values, and goals. Persons adapt to changing roles and relationships. Age group norms and characteristics are an important part of the life course
Life-course/Lifespan development
Individuals cope with aging losses through activity/role selection, optimization, and compensation. Critical life points are morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. _______ facilitates successful aging
Selective optimization with compensation
nursing has incorporated psychosocial theories such as
ERIKSON’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT THEORY
enlighten us about the development tasks and challenges faced by older adults and the importance of finding and accepting meaning in one’s life
Psychological Theories
nursing has learned how support systems, functionality, activity and role engagement, cohorts, and societal expectations can influence adjustments to aging and life satisfaction
Sociologists
human aging is influenced by a composite of
biological
psychological
social
functional
spiritual factors
Nursing Theories of Aging
Functional consequences theory
Theory of thriving
Environmental and biopsychosocial consequences impact functioning. Nursing’s role is risk reduction to minimize age-associated disability in order to enhance safety and quality of living
Functional Consequences Theory
failure to thrive results from a discord between the individual and his or her environment or relationships. Nurses identify and modify factors that contribute to disharmony among these elements
Theory of thriving
According to this theory, aging successfully means remaining physically, psychological, and socially engaged in meaningful ways that are individually defined. Achieving a comfortable acceptance of impending death is also a hallmark of successful aging
Theory of Successful Aging
prvides a more comprehensive framework to guide nursing practice and has been validated by some authors
Flood’s theory of successful aging
nurses can better manage nutrition, incontinence, sleep rhythms, immunological response, catecholamine surges, hormonal and electrolyte balance, and drug efficacy for older adults with chronic illnesses
Stochastic and programmed biological theories of aging
nurses can assist both the older adult and his or her family in recognizing that the life they have lived has been one of integrity and meaning and facilitate peaceful death with dignity.
Psychosocial aging theories
contributes to older adults well being and reduces the negative psychological consequences that are often linked to chronic illness and older age
Ego Integrity
