Sara Gross Neuroanatomy I & II Flashcards
Lec1
How many classes of brain protection do we have? Describe them! Where and how?
FIVE (apart from the scalp)!; A) Bony structures - 1) skull (partially the cranial vault - part of brain that encloses the brain that has frontal bones, parietal bones, occipital bone, temporal bone etc.) 2) spinal (vertebral) canal
B) 3 Meninges - dura mater, arachnoid mater (, pia mater (the last two are the ‘leptomeninges’)
C) 3 Spaces - epidural (between bone and dura mater - contains loose connective tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue), subdural (between arachnoid and dura mater - contains small amount of non-CSF fluid) , subarachnoidal (between pia mater and arachnoid mater).
D) Cerebrospinal fluid - in the ventricles (2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle) AND subarachnoid space. The brain is suspended in the CSF by arachnoidal trabeculae in the subarachnoid space (between pia mater & arachnoid mater), which is connective tissue that acts like a scaffold
E) Buoyancy - hydromechanical protection, liquid reduces weight and distributes the weight to reduce pressure points.
Lec1
Where is the choroid plexus located?
It all the ventricles of the brain except the frontal/occipital horn of the lateral ventricles and the cerebral aqueduct. Produces CSF.
Lec1
What is intracranial space and how is it (& intracranial compartments) divided (name 3)? What are the names of the parts that divide it (name two)? Draw them roughly.
Aka the cranial cavity, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain. Can be sub-divded by Dural Septa infoldings (partitions of the dura mater). We have two main dural septa infoldings: 1) the falx cerebri:, divides two cerebral hemispheres - the SUPRATENTORIAL space, which is above 2) the tentorium cerebelli, under which we have the INFRATENTORIAL space. (which is literally the cerebellum). Another cranial compartment is of course the spinal cranial compartment.
Lec1
What are the venous sinuses? How many do we have? draw where they are roughly.
The dural venous sinuses are “interconnected, endothelium-lined spaces” - spaces between the two layers of the dura mater, lined by endothelial cells and are important for the drainage and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and blood.
We have 5: 1) superior sagittal sinus - top of the head and top lining of falx cerebri. 2) Inferior saggital sinus - bottom (lower) edge of the falx cerebri. 3) transverse sinuses - along the tentorium cerebri going outwards. 4) straight sinus - down the middle from back - of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebri conjuction. 5) sigmoid sinus
https://step1.medbullets.com/neurology/113024/dural-venous-sinuses
Lec1
Define the CNS and the PNS (with divisions and numbers!!)
CNS = Central Nervous System - brain & spinal cord.
PNS = peripheral nervous system, formed of nerves and ganglions - 12 cranial nerves, and 31 spinal nerves.
PNS can be divided into the 1) AUTONOMIC and 2) SOMATIC nervous system.
Autonomic NS:
responsible for the involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Controls e.g., heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It has two main divisions: symapthetic NS (“fight or flight”- increases heart rate, dilates airways, and stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream), parasymathetic NS ( “rest and digest” response, which helps to conserve and restore energy in the body. It decreases heart rate, constricts airways, and stimulates digestive processes)
Somatic NS:
for the voluntary control of skeletal muscle and sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles.
Lec1
How big is the spinal cord? length and diameter
Length: 45cm, diameter: 1cm
Lec1
Why do we say the CNS is 6+1? Draw it!
- (1) = spinal cord.
- Forebrain = Diencephalon (1) (deep within the cerebral hemispheres and encloses the third ventricle. The four major subdivisions of the diencephalon include the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and the epithalamus. + Telencephalon (2) (cerebrum)
- Midbrain = Mesencephalon (3)
- Hindbrain = Pons (4), Cerebellum (5), Medulla (6)
Lec1
What is the brainstem? What parts form it, and which part are the pyramids in?
the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum.
It is formed of MPM - the 1) mesencephalon/midbrain, 2) pons, 3) medulla (medulla oblongata).
The pyramids are in the medulla!!
Lec1
What is meant by “parenchyma” of the brain?
nervous tissue (nerve cells and glia)
Lec1
What are the simplest division of the CNS spaces into 3 compartments?
1) extraaxial - external to brain parenchyma 2) intraaxial - within the parenchyma
3) intraventricular - within the ventricular system
Lec1
what’s meant by “neuraxis”?
Imaginary line - longitudinal axis of the body along which the nervous system is arranged.
Lec1
Show rostral vs caudal, dorsal VS ventral, frontal pole VS occipital pole, anterior VS posterior
Lec1
What is the difference between gyrus and sulcus? And what’s the difference between white matter and grey matter? Draw an image to show all four. Most importantly: show the cell bodies!
Gyri = folds or bumps in the brain
Sulci = the indentations or grooves.
The grey matter = dendrites & synapses
White matter = axons
Cell body should be in the grey matter.
Lec1
Name some of the prominent gyri and sulci visible on the external frontal lobe.
Sulci:
1) The central sulcus - separates the parietal and the frontal lobe.
2) pre-central sulcus
3) The Lateral Sulcus (or Sylvian fissure) separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe
4) Parieto-occipital sulcus (at the back)
The frontal lobe specials:
5) superior frontal sulcus
6) inferior frontal sulcus
Gyri:
1) pre-central gyrus,
2) post-central gyrus
NOW the 3 frontal gyri:
3) superior frontal gyrus
4) medial frontal gyrus
5) inferior frontal gyrus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus#/media/File:FrontalCaptsLateral.png
Lec1
Show the inferior frontal gyrus and its 3 parts
From the front to the back: pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, pars opercularis
Lec1
What are the three the temporal lobe gyri from an external view?
Superior, middle, inferior.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_temporal_gyrus
Lec1
What sulci can we see from a medial surface? Locate them on the picture in link once named.
1) Central sulcus (divides frontal and parietal lobe),
2) marginal sulcus (behind central sulcus - this is the ONE THAT GOES DEEP INSIDE) ,that extends to become the …
3) cingulate sulcus
4) parieto-occipital sulcus - bigger line of the Y, at the top, separates the occipital lobe from the rest of the brain.
5) calcarine sulcus - at the bottom
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-cingulate-sulcus-blue-between-yellow-and-pink-and-callosal-sulcus-dark-purple_fig4_347885443
Lec1
How many lobes do we have?
6 lobes:
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insular and limbic lobes
Lec1
What gyrus is related to the limbic lobe? Show it on different brain views.
Lec1
What is the insula? What do we have to open to see the insula? What is the insula covered by? and what are the divisions of these?
Insula = a region of the brain located deep within the lateral sulcus (also known as the Sylvian fissure), between the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Aka Island of Reil”. It’s deep within the lateral sulcus. Divided into anterior and posterior.
Covered by operculi.
3 Opercula: frontal, temporal and parietal.
