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IB Psych Paper 1 & 2 Study > SAQ Prep > Flashcards

SAQ Prep Flashcards

1
Q

BLOA definition

A

States that our anatomy and physiology of our nervous system, endocrine system and genes affect our behaviors.

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2
Q

BLOA Principle 1

A

Emotions and behaviors are products of our anatomy and physiology.

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3
Q

BLOA Principle 2

A

Animal research helps to inform our understanding of human behavior.

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4
Q

BLOA Principle 3

A

Patterns of behavior can be inherited; behavior is innate because it is genetically based.

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5
Q

Research method definition

A

ways that researchers use and manipulate to conduct their studies; researchers need to have a method for collecting and analyzing data.

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6
Q

6 main research methods

A

experiments, case studies, observational studies, interviews, surveys/questionnaires and correlational studies

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7
Q

triangulation

A

multiple research methods at once

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8
Q

4 main types of triangulation

A

data, researcher, theoretical and methodological

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9
Q

5 ethical considerations

A

Protection of from harm
Consent
Confidentiality
Right to withdraw
Deception(limited)

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10
Q

Localization of brain function definition

A

the theory that certain areas of the brain correspond to certain functions, and in that specific areas of the brain control different functions carried out by the brain

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11
Q

Left hemisphere of brain is associated with___.

A

logic, problem solving, etc. and controls RHS

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12
Q

Right hemisphere of brain is associated with___.

A

creativity, emotion, etc and controls LHS

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13
Q

4 main lobes

A

occipital(vision), parietal(higher sense and language functions), frontal(reasoning, problem solving, judgement and creativity) and temporal(perception, hearing, memory and meaning)

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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

inability to produce language, but can understand

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

inability to understand language but can speak

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16
Q

neuron definition

A

nerve cells that send electrical signals to brain for response to external or internal stimuli.

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17
Q

neurotransmission definition

A

transfer of electrical signals from neuron to neuron

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18
Q

neurotransmitter definition

A

chemical messengers which transmit information from one neuron to another

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19
Q

What does NT AcH cause?

A

decreased heart rate and increased production of saliva. At high doses causes convulsions and tremors, and at low levels can contribute to motor dysfunction.

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20
Q

hormones definition

A

chemical messengers released by glands in endocrine system which circulate in the bloodstream and affect particular cells and organs.

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21
Q

Hormones have effects on both ___ and ___, therefore also affected ___.

A

physiological;psychological; behavior

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22
Q

Relationship between ___ and ___ is often said to be ___.

A

environment; physiological;bi-directional

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23
Q

brain plasticity definition; it is ___

A

brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt to new information and situations; Stimulated by environment, occurs every time something new is learnt and is explicitly shown after brain injury

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24
Q

mirror neurons definition

A

neurons that fires when an animal or person performs an action, or when the animal observes someone else perform the same action; the neuron mirrors the behavior of another

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25
Q

cognition definition; it includes ____

A

mental process of acquiring and processing knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the sense; includes perception, attention, language, memory and thinking.

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26
Q

physiology definition

A

the way the organism functions

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27
Q

amnesia

A

inability to learn new information or retrieve previously stored information

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28
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to recall new information or form new memories

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29
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall old information or memories

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30
Q

regions of brain affected by amnesia

A

subcortical and cortical parts of brain, hippocampus.

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31
Q

different types of brain imaging tech:

A

PET, MRI, fMRI, EEG, CAT

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32
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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33
Q

What is MRI tech?

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images; can distinguish among different types of soft tissue to allow researchers to see structures within the brain.

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34
Q

genetics definition

A

Genes are segments of DNA inherited by offspring from the parent and are responsible for the development of behavioral characteristics.

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35
Q

behavioral genetics definition

A

understanding of how genetics and environment contribute to individual variations in human behavior

36
Q

Do genes alone affect behavior?

A

No- behavior is influenced by genes and environment

37
Q

evolution definition

A

the changing in inherited traits of species over time

38
Q

How is evolution linked with behavior?

A

the behaviors of today should have an evolutionary explanation, or human behavior must have been adaptive under certain circumstances in the past

39
Q

CLOA definition

A

Based on how mental processes(perception, attention, language etc.) in the brain process information

40
Q

CLOA Principle 1

A

Human beings are information processors and mental representations guide behavior.

41
Q

CLOA Principle 2

A

Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically by developing theories and using different research methods.

42
Q

CLOA Principle 3

A

Social and cultural factors affect cognitive processes.

43
Q

schemas definition

A

mental representations that organize knowledge and guide our beliefs; stored in memory

44
Q

schemas theory definition

A

as humans learn they integrate new information with existing, stored information to shape the world around them

45
Q

memory definition

A

the mental process of encoding, storing and retrieving information

46
Q

3 memory processes

A

encoding, storage and retrival

47
Q

encoding definitions

A

incoming information is organized and transformed so it can be entered into memory

48
Q

storage definition

A

involves entering and maintaining information in memory for a period of time

49
Q

retrieval definition

A

involves recovering stored information from memory so it can be used

50
Q

Multi Store Model theory

A

MSM consists of sensory, short-term and long-term memory

51
Q

Sensory memory

A

holds sensory perceptions; decays rapidly, unlimited capacity

52
Q

STM

A

15-30 seconds, limited capacity , information is stored acoustically and lost unless rehearsed

53
Q

LTM

A

long-lasting, unlimited capacity, information is stored using semantic, acoustic and visual encoding, info can be recalled via retrieval.

54
Q

emotions definition

A

the body’s adaptive response to a particular situation

55
Q

6 fundamental emotions proposed by Ekman

A

fear, anger, surprise, sadness, happiness, and disgust

56
Q

biological factors of emotions

A

body arousal, hormones, facial expressions, arousal of nervous and/or endocrine system, brain activity or neurochemical processes

57
Q

cognitive factors in emotion

A

conscious and unconscious mental processes can influence emotions; focus more on mental aspects of emotions; negative cognitions will lead to negative emotions

58
Q

Emotion is the interplay between ___ and ___ processes.

A

biological;cognitive

59
Q

LeDoux’s theory of emotion

A

Le Doux discovered that for fear responses, there are two neurological pathways: short route(goes from sensory store to thalamus to amygdala) and long route(crosses through neo-cortex and hippocampus before it results in fear response).

60
Q

flashbulb memory definition

A

special kind of memory that refer to vivid and detailed(photographic-like) memories of highly emotional events that appear to be recorded in the brain as though with the help of a ‘camera’s flash

61
Q

flashbulb memories are more ____.

A

vivid, accurate, long-lasting, consistent and easy to remember.

62
Q

SCLOA definition

A

the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others and the environment around them

63
Q

SCLOA Principle 1

A

Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to “belong”

64
Q

SCLOA Principle 2

A

That culture(norms and values that define a society) influences behavior

65
Q

SCLOA Principle 3

A

Because humans are social animals, they have a social self

66
Q

SCLOA Principle 4

A

People’s views of the world are resistant to change.

67
Q

attributions definition

A

the beliefs about why people behave the way they do

68
Q

attributions theory

A

when we observe someone’s behavior we either attribute it to situational factors or dispositional factors

69
Q

dispositional attributions

A

someone’s personality or other internal and generally unchanging characteristics such as traits, feelings moods and abilities

70
Q

situational attributions

A

one’s behavior is assumed to be dependent upon external factors, such as their situation or environment.

71
Q

attribution error

A

defined as a false assumption or distortion in perception or judgment about the causes of our own behavior

72
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to attribute one’s behavior based on their disposition, and underestimate the effect of their situation on behavior

73
Q

self-serving bias

A

the tendency to attribute success to disposition factors and failures to situational factors

74
Q

social identity theory

A

based on the assumption that individuals strive to improve their self-image by trying to enhance their self-esteem, based on either personal identity or thorough various social identities(in-groups vs. out-groups)

75
Q

4 main concepts of SIT

A

social categorization, category accentuation effect, social identification, and social comparison/+ distinctiveness

76
Q

stereotypes definition

A

a mental representation and a form of social categorization made about specific individuals or a group and its members

77
Q

stereotype threat definition

A

when one is in a situation where there is a threat of being judged or treated stereotypically or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype

78
Q

social learning theory

A

One way a society or culture passes on its norms to individuals

79
Q

components of SLT

A

revolves around the learning view observation; Modeling occurs via gatekeepers/authoritative figures

80
Q

compliance definition

A

a form of social influence, which is the direct pressure to respond to a request.

81
Q

why do people comply?

A

DUE to authority, commitment, liking, reciprocity, scarcity and social proof.

82
Q

Compliance techniques 1

A

FITD: getting people to commit and therefore increasing compliance by first asking for a small request, with the hope they’ll agree to a large request(actual target)

83
Q

Compliance technique 2

A

involves changing an offer to make it less attractive to the target person after they have agreed to it

84
Q

conformity definition

A

behavior under socially accepted norms or conventions

85
Q

factors influencing conformity

A

cultural(individualism/collectivism) and unanimity(everyone agreeing to a point)

86
Q

culture defintion

A

complex concept used to describe food, eating habits, clothing, communication, relation etc; surface culture(food, clothes) and deep culture(attitudes, values)

87
Q

cultural norms

A

behavior patterns that are typical of specific groups; passed down from generation to generation by “gatekeepers”

IB Psych Paper 1 & 2 Study (3 decks)

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