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IB Psych Paper 1 & 2 Study > SAQ Prep > Flashcards

SAQ Prep Flashcards

1
Q

BLOA definition

A

States that our anatomy and physiology of our nervous system, endocrine system and genes affect our behaviors.

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2
Q

BLOA Principle 1

A

Emotions and behaviors are products of our anatomy and physiology.

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3
Q

BLOA Principle 2

A

Animal research helps to inform our understanding of human behavior.

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4
Q

BLOA Principle 3

A

Patterns of behavior can be inherited; behavior is innate because it is genetically based.

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5
Q

Research method definition

A

ways that researchers use and manipulate to conduct their studies; researchers need to have a method for collecting and analyzing data.

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6
Q

6 main research methods

A

experiments, case studies, observational studies, interviews, surveys/questionnaires and correlational studies

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7
Q

triangulation

A

multiple research methods at once

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8
Q

4 main types of triangulation

A

data, researcher, theoretical and methodological

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9
Q

5 ethical considerations

A

Protection of from harm
Consent
Confidentiality
Right to withdraw
Deception(limited)

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10
Q

Localization of brain function definition

A

the theory that certain areas of the brain correspond to certain functions, and in that specific areas of the brain control different functions carried out by the brain

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11
Q

Left hemisphere of brain is associated with___.

A

logic, problem solving, etc. and controls RHS

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12
Q

Right hemisphere of brain is associated with___.

A

creativity, emotion, etc and controls LHS

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13
Q

4 main lobes

A

occipital(vision), parietal(higher sense and language functions), frontal(reasoning, problem solving, judgement and creativity) and temporal(perception, hearing, memory and meaning)

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14
Q

Broca’s area

A

inability to produce language, but can understand

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

inability to understand language but can speak

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16
Q

neuron definition

A

nerve cells that send electrical signals to brain for response to external or internal stimuli.

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17
Q

neurotransmission definition

A

transfer of electrical signals from neuron to neuron

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18
Q

neurotransmitter definition

A

chemical messengers which transmit information from one neuron to another

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19
Q

What does NT AcH cause?

A

decreased heart rate and increased production of saliva. At high doses causes convulsions and tremors, and at low levels can contribute to motor dysfunction.

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20
Q

hormones definition

A

chemical messengers released by glands in endocrine system which circulate in the bloodstream and affect particular cells and organs.

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21
Q

Hormones have effects on both ___ and ___, therefore also affected ___.

A

physiological;psychological; behavior

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22
Q

Relationship between ___ and ___ is often said to be ___.

A

environment; physiological;bi-directional

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23
Q

brain plasticity definition; it is ___

A

brain’s ability to reorganize and adapt to new information and situations; Stimulated by environment, occurs every time something new is learnt and is explicitly shown after brain injury

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24
Q

mirror neurons definition

A

neurons that fires when an animal or person performs an action, or when the animal observes someone else perform the same action; the neuron mirrors the behavior of another

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25
cognition definition; it includes ____
mental process of acquiring and processing knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the sense; includes perception, attention, language, memory and thinking.
26
physiology definition
the way the organism functions
27
amnesia
inability to learn new information or retrieve previously stored information
28
anterograde amnesia
inability to recall new information or form new memories
29
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall old information or memories
30
regions of brain affected by amnesia
subcortical and cortical parts of brain, hippocampus.
31
different types of brain imaging tech:
PET, MRI, fMRI, EEG, CAT
32
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
33
What is MRI tech?
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce 3D computer-generated images; can distinguish among different types of soft tissue to allow researchers to see structures within the brain.
34
genetics definition
Genes are segments of DNA inherited by offspring from the parent and are responsible for the development of behavioral characteristics.
35
behavioral genetics definition
understanding of how genetics and environment contribute to individual variations in human behavior
36
Do genes alone affect behavior?
No- behavior is influenced by genes and environment
37
evolution definition
the changing in inherited traits of species over time
38
How is evolution linked with behavior?
the behaviors of today should have an evolutionary explanation, or human behavior must have been adaptive under certain circumstances in the past
39
CLOA definition
Based on how mental processes(perception, attention, language etc.) in the brain process information
40
CLOA Principle 1
Human beings are information processors and mental representations guide behavior.
41
CLOA Principle 2
Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically by developing theories and using different research methods.
42
CLOA Principle 3
Social and cultural factors affect cognitive processes.
43
schemas definition
mental representations that organize knowledge and guide our beliefs; stored in memory
44
schemas theory definition
as humans learn they integrate new information with existing, stored information to shape the world around them
45
memory definition
the mental process of encoding, storing and retrieving information
46
3 memory processes
encoding, storage and retrival
47
encoding definitions
incoming information is organized and transformed so it can be entered into memory
48
storage definition
involves entering and maintaining information in memory for a period of time
49
retrieval definition
involves recovering stored information from memory so it can be used
50
Multi Store Model theory
MSM consists of sensory, short-term and long-term memory
51
Sensory memory
holds sensory perceptions; decays rapidly, unlimited capacity
52
STM
15-30 seconds, limited capacity , information is stored acoustically and lost unless rehearsed
53
LTM
long-lasting, unlimited capacity, information is stored using semantic, acoustic and visual encoding, info can be recalled via retrieval.
54
emotions definition
the body’s adaptive response to a particular situation
55
6 fundamental emotions proposed by Ekman
fear, anger, surprise, sadness, happiness, and disgust
56
biological factors of emotions
body arousal, hormones, facial expressions, arousal of nervous and/or endocrine system, brain activity or neurochemical processes
57
cognitive factors in emotion
conscious and unconscious mental processes can influence emotions; focus more on mental aspects of emotions; negative cognitions will lead to negative emotions
58
Emotion is the interplay between ___ and ___ processes.
biological;cognitive
59
LeDoux's theory of emotion
Le Doux discovered that for fear responses, there are two neurological pathways: short route(goes from sensory store to thalamus to amygdala) and long route(crosses through neo-cortex and hippocampus before it results in fear response).
60
flashbulb memory definition
special kind of memory that refer to vivid and detailed(photographic-like) memories of highly emotional events that appear to be recorded in the brain as though with the help of a ‘camera’s flash
61
flashbulb memories are more ____.
vivid, accurate, long-lasting, consistent and easy to remember.
62
SCLOA definition
the scientific study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, implied, or imagined presence of others and the environment around them
63
SCLOA Principle 1
Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need to “belong”
64
SCLOA Principle 2
That culture(norms and values that define a society) influences behavior
65
SCLOA Principle 3
Because humans are social animals, they have a social self
66
SCLOA Principle 4
People’s views of the world are resistant to change.
67
attributions definition
the beliefs about why people behave the way they do
68
attributions theory
when we observe someone’s behavior we either attribute it to situational factors or dispositional factors
69
dispositional attributions
someone's personality or other internal and generally unchanging characteristics such as traits, feelings moods and abilities
70
situational attributions
one’s behavior is assumed to be dependent upon external factors, such as their situation or environment.
71
attribution error
defined as a false assumption or distortion in perception or judgment about the causes of our own behavior
72
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to attribute one’s behavior based on their disposition, and underestimate the effect of their situation on behavior
73
self-serving bias
the tendency to attribute success to disposition factors and failures to situational factors
74
social identity theory
based on the assumption that individuals strive to improve their self-image by trying to enhance their self-esteem, based on either personal identity or thorough various social identities(in-groups vs. out-groups)
75
4 main concepts of SIT
social categorization, category accentuation effect, social identification, and social comparison/+ distinctiveness
76
stereotypes definition
a mental representation and a form of social categorization made about specific individuals or a group and its members
77
stereotype threat definition
when one is in a situation where there is a threat of being judged or treated stereotypically or a fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype
78
social learning theory
One way a society or culture passes on its norms to individuals
79
components of SLT
revolves around the learning view observation; Modeling occurs via gatekeepers/authoritative figures
80
compliance definition
a form of social influence, which is the direct pressure to respond to a request.
81
why do people comply?
DUE to authority, commitment, liking, reciprocity, scarcity and social proof.
82
Compliance techniques 1
FITD: getting people to commit and therefore increasing compliance by first asking for a small request, with the hope they’ll agree to a large request(actual target)
83
Compliance technique 2
involves changing an offer to make it less attractive to the target person after they have agreed to it
84
conformity definition
behavior under socially accepted norms or conventions
85
factors influencing conformity
cultural(individualism/collectivism) and unanimity(everyone agreeing to a point)
86
culture defintion
complex concept used to describe food, eating habits, clothing, communication, relation etc; surface culture(food, clothes) and deep culture(attitudes, values)
87
cultural norms
behavior patterns that are typical of specific groups; passed down from generation to generation by "gatekeepers"

IB Psych Paper 1 & 2 Study (3 decks)

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