SAQ CLOA Flashcards
What was the aim of Glanzer and Cunitz’s (1966) study?
To test the hypothesis that STM and LTM are two separate stores in a free recall experiment
STM: Short-Term Memory, LTM: Long-Term Memory
What methodology did Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) use in their study?
46 army enlisted men, repeated measures design, 15 one-syllable words shown for 1 second with 2-second intervals
Participants were tested under three conditions: immediate recall, delayed recall (10 seconds), and delayed recall (30 seconds)
What were the results of Glanzer and Cunitz’s (1966) study regarding the recency effect?
Primary and recency effects were shown in immediate recall, significant reduction in recency effect in 10-second delay, no trace in 30-second delay
The recency effect refers to better recall of the most recent items.
What was the aim of Landry and Bartling’s (2011) study?
To test the working memory model
The study focused on articulatory suppression and its effect on recall.
What were the results of Landry and Bartling’s (2011) study?
Experimental group scored lower (45%) than control group (76%)
Articulatory suppression prevented rehearsal in the phonological loop.
What was the aim of Bartlett’s (1932) study?
To investigate how social schemas affect the recall of a story
The study involved a Native American folktale called ‘War of the Ghosts’.
What three patterns of distortion did Bartlett (1932) find?
- Assimilation
- Leveling
- Sharpening
These patterns describe how participants altered the original story based on their cultural schemas.
What was the aim of Brewer and Treyens’ (1981) study?
To investigate the role of schema in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory
Participants were asked to recall objects in an office-like room.
What did Brewer and Treyens (1981) find regarding schema and recall?
Participants recalled items congruent with their office schema more often than incongruent items
Items like a toy top and skull were less frequently recalled.
What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) study?
To investigate whether leading questions affect speed estimation
Participants watched a car crash video and answered questions with varying critical verbs.
What were the speed estimations based on different critical verbs in Loftus and Palmer’s (1974) study?
- ‘smashed’: 40.8 mph
- ‘collided’: 39.3 mph
- ‘bumped’: 38.1 mph
- ‘hit’: 34 mph
- ‘contacted’: 31.8 mph
The verb used influenced participants’ mental representation of the accident.
What was the aim of Loftus and Pickrell’s (1995) study?
To determine if false memories of autobiographical events can be created through suggestion
Participants were asked to recall memories, including a false one about being lost in a mall.
What percentage of participants recalled the false memory in Loftus and Pickrell’s (1995) study?
25% recalled the false memory
Participants were generally less confident about the false memory compared to true memories.
What was the aim of Tversky and Kahneman’s (1974) study on anchoring bias?
To demonstrate how anchoring bias affected students when solving a math problem
The study involved two conditions: ascending and descending sequences.
What were the median predictions for the ascending and descending conditions in Tversky and Kahneman’s (1974) study?
- Ascending Condition: 512
- Descending Condition: 2250
The actual answer was 40320.
What was the aim of Kahneman’s (1993) peak-end rule study?
To investigate the effect of the end of an experience on recollection
Participants experienced two conditions involving cold water.
What did participants in Kahneman’s (1993) study prefer?
The majority chose the second condition despite both conditions having the same duration in freezing water
This preference was based on the more favorable ending of the second condition.
What was the aim of Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study on anchoring bias?
To investigate how the anchoring effect influenced guesses of Mahatma Gandhi’s age when he died
Participants were asked leading questions with different anchor points.
What were the average guesses for Gandhi’s age in Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study based on conditions?
- Higher condition: 67 years
- Lower condition: 50 years
The differing anchor points significantly affected participants’ estimates.
What was the aim of Brown and Kulik’s (1977) study?
To investigate whether surprising and personally significant events can cause flashbulb memories
The study focused on events like the deaths of public figures.
What percentage of participants had detailed memories of loved ones’ deaths in Brown and Kulik’s (1977) study?
90%
The study highlighted the role of personal relevance in memory retention.
What was the aim of Neisser and Harsch’s (1992) study?
To determine whether flashbulb memories were susceptible to distortion
Participants recalled memories of the Challenger disaster.
What did Neisser and Harsch’s (1992) study reveal about memory recall over time?
Discrepancies were found between original answers and answers given 2.5 years later
Most participants remained confident in their recall despite these discrepancies.
