SAP exam review Flashcards

Question

Psychology Theorists

Answer 1

-Psychodynamic- Freud's Theory of personality -This theory emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind in influencing human behaviour and relationships -Conscious mind: everything we are aware of -Unconscious mind: information that processes in our mind that we are not aware of

Answer 2

-Ego: The logical part of the mind that makes rational decisions -Example: Having a sweet treat later as a reward if you stick to your diet today -The instinctive part that wants instant pleasure and doesn't think of consequences -Example: You're on a strict diet but see a delicious dessert. Your Id says, "Eat it now, who cares about the diet?" -Superego: The moral center of the brain -Example: The superego says, "You should not have dessert. You'll feel guilty for breaking your diet; it's not the right thing to do

Answer 3

-Understanding human behaviour requires solid proof gathered through experiments and observations -Pavlov's Classical Conditioning using dogs: Unconditioned Stimulus= US Neutral Stimulus= NS Desired Response= DR Conditioned Stimulus= CS US (food) = DR (salivation) US (food) + NS (bell) = DR (salivation) NS (bell) = DR (salivation) NS -> CS Example: Pavlov rang a bell before feeding the dogs (US). Over time, the dogs learned to associate the bell with food and started salivating (DR) just at the sound of the bell (NS), even without food. -Skinner's Operant conditioning: Behavior + Rewarding Stimulus =Recurrence Example 1: A student answers a question in class (behaviour) and receives praise from the teacher (rewarding stimulus) Result: the student is more likely to participate in the future Behaviour + Punishing Stimulus = No Recurrence Example 2: A kid throws a tantrum in a store (behaviour) and loses screen time as a consequence (punishing stimuli) Result: The child is less likely to throw a tantrum

Answer 4

-Developed out of patient relationships with therapy

Answer 5

-Cognitive psychologists believe in and consider mental states, such as beliefs, motivation, and desires -Bandura believes that people learn behaviour by watching and imitating others (monkey see, monkey do)

Answer 6

-Concerned with explaining how we change over our lives -Erikson believes that humans continue to develop throughout their lifetime and not just during childhood Stage: Infany (trust vs mistrust)----Old age (ego identity vs despair)

Answer 7

-Believes that studying primates is an appropriate way to understand human behaviour -Comfort/survival

Answer 8

-Two parties are separated and unable to communicate -They can choose to cooperate or not -Example: teacher catches someone cheating on a test, you can rat the other person out or not say anything

Answer 9

-Attitude -Motivation -Mental Healthy -Social thinking

Answer 10

Intrinsic: -Desire to perform a task for its own sake -Doing something you are good at -Internal rewards, personal satisfaction -Example: participating in a sport because you find the sport enjoyable and makes you feel good Extrinsic: -Desire to perform tasks due to external factors, such as a reward and threat to avoid punishment -Doing a certain chore to get what you want

Answer 11

-The tendency to focus on negative events over positive ones

Answer 12

-Negative/harsh comments stick with kids longer than praise Bandura: -Children model behaviour they observe (monkey see, monkey do) -Positive role modelling is essential Harlow: -Emotional warmth and security are crucial for development -Monkey experiment-comfort/survival Maslow: -Children need a supportive environment to meet emotional needs (love and belonging) -Focus on negatives can block progress toward self-esteem -Hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

-A person's emotional, psychological and social well-being -It affects how we think, feel, act and interact -Mental health issues stem from nature, nurture, or both

Answer 14

-Cognitive behavioural therapy -Can be used to treat multiple mental health issues -It helps people identify, understand, and correct distorted thoughts that can hurt feelings and behaviour -Helps to change thought patterns

Answer 15

-Excessive worry about a variety of issues (work, school, money, health) -Those with GAD find it hard to control their worries

Answer 16

-Symptoms of depression that are enhanced during winter -Women are more likely to get SAD -Symptoms include fatigue, weight fluctuation, low mood

Answer 17

-Shared norms -Cohesiveness -Diversity -Social Loafing

Answer 18

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Adjourning

Answer 19

-The initial entry of individuals - Getting to know eachother -Discovering boundaries (do's and dont's)

Answer 20

-Period of high emotionality -Acknowledging disagreements -recognizing subgroups within the group -Putting aside differences to work together

Answer 21

-Members coordinating and working cohesively -Things normalize -Developing shared norms -Agreeing and dividing labour

Answer 22

-Functioning effectively and efficiently -Putting together and performing the task

Answer 23

-Final stage where members go separate ways -Acknowledging the end -Identifying friendships -Celebrating achievements

Answer 24

-Women murdered and stabbed multiple times outside her apartment -Despite her screaming and calling for help, not a single one of the 38 bystanders came to help, thinking that someone else would help her instead

Answer 25

-The more people present, the less likely we are to act when someone needs help -People ASSUME that someone else will do something

Answer 26

-A social behaviour by a large group of people that does NOT reflect existing rules, institutions and structures of society -It is spontaneous and usually a response to crisis -Example: the shortage of toilet paper during COVID -Collective (everyone is doing)

Answer 27

-Actions to show empathy, care and an unselfish concern towards others -This contributes POSITIVELY to society and promotes SOCIAL COHESION -Coming together in times of tragedy/crisis (homes burned)

Answer 28

-Public grief: communities' ability to overcome negative consequences -Emile recognized the power of collective social solidarity For example, in matters of tragic events, people may put flowers or light vigils and come together to pray

Answer 29

Social customs: Expected/ideal behaviours in society Understanding culture: Culture is not just about visual symbols such as food and clothing it's about what defines us

Answer 30

-Growing up, you learn social customs from your parents and peers through socialization Conformity is a result of both direct and indirect pressure (it can be positive or negative, and sociologists study both to understand society)

Answer 31

Direct: teaches yells to sit down or tells you to stop moving during the national anthem Indirect: following dress code regulations in class or knowing that you should stick to the right side when walking up the stairs

Answer 32

-Influences how culture and language evolve -Different cultures choose which technologies to adopt or avoid, shaping their daily lives

Answer 33

True Mobiles: people who access the internet in public specifically to avoid social interactions Placemakers: people who access the internet in public to create social interactions

Answer 34

Conventional: a large group of people gathered for a clear purpose and behave accordingly (ex., gathered for a work conference) Casual: a group of people who DON'T share a goal and just happen to be at the same place at the same time (ex. lining up at a coffee shop, bus stop, cafeteria) Expressive: A large number of people at an event who display emotion and excitement (ex. a concert) Acting crowd: A group of people fuelled by a single purpose/goal (ex. protestors)

Answer 35

-Conformity is changing your behaviour or beliefs to fit in with a group, even if you don't agree. It is driven by the desire to belong and avoid being rejected Example: teenagers engaging in risky behaviour because it is deemed cool (peer pressure) -Compliance is following a request or demand from someone, usually a person of authority. It is driven by the need to obey or avoid punishment Example: a child cleaning their roomk because a parent asked them.

Answer 36

Types of Conformity: -Compliance (agree publicly, disagree privately) -Internalization Identification -Status of members -Ambiguous/Difficult situations -Self esteem -Public vs Private responses

Answer 37

-Power level -Following the "Do" and "Don't" of the group -The higher the status one has in a group, the more likely others conform to them

Answer 38

-When people aren't sure of how they are supposed to act (like what rules to follow or what their role is), they tend to watch others and copy their behaviour to avoid doing something "wrong"

Answer 39

-Those with lower self esteem are more likely to conform and do as told -Those with higher self-esteem are more likely to challenge members and be more comfortable defying the expectations of the group

Answer 40

-In a public form you might just agree with what everyone is doing but then if your response is private you can share your thoughts and you are more likely to share your opinion honestly

Answer 41

-It is different from compliance or conformity Obedience is about power and submitting to authority

Answer 42

-To study obedience in the medical profession -Reachers gave nurses a scripted phone call from an unknown doctor ordering them to give a patient an overdose of medication. -21/22 nurses obeyed the doctor's orders What did the experiment show? -People are often unwilling to question, even when it's dangerous

Answer 43

-Students asked passengers "May I have your seat" -68% gave up their seat -When students added, "I can't read my book standing up", -Only 38% gave up their seat People often conform to social requests, even without a clear reason. However, when reasons added, response may vary

Answer 44

-Aimed to understand how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant harming another person Setup: -Participants were told the study was about learning and memory -Every time a person on the other side gets a question wrong, the experimenter has to shock them and with each question wrong the shock intensifies -The learner is purposely asked to answer many questions wrong, and in reality, they aren't tied to anything that will shock them Unethical: -Participants did not know the true purpose of the experiment and believed they were harming someone -Many participants experienced guilt and felt as if they could not stop

Answer 45

-Another form of conformity -Dr Phillip Zimbardo, a psychology professor at Standford University, conducted a groundbreaking experiment investigating the psychological effects of perceived power and authority within a prison environment -24 volunteers, 12 guards, 12 prisoners -Participants were given specific roles to follow with expectations -Guards were expected to maintain order but were not given rules for physical violence 1. Garuds behaviour: -Quickly become authoritarian -Developed cruel and dehumanizing tactics (pushing their limits because they have freedom) -Showed increased levels of brutal behaviour 2. Prisoner's responses: -Became passive and depressed -Experienced severe emotional distress Accepted psychological abuse The experiment was planned to last two weeks but only lasted 6 days due to extreme psychological harm KEY TAKEAWAY: Zimbardo concluded that when people feel anonymous and have power over depersonalized others, they can easily become evil

Answer 46

-Feral children are those who have been raises without any human interaction

Answer 47

-Geinie's father isolated and abused Genie for 13 years -She was stapped onto a toddler toilet and sometimes placed in an actual cage -She had almost no human interaction and was not allowed outside until she and her mother escaped -Researchers saw Genie as a "blank slate", and an opportunity for research -Genie disproved the theory that one could not learn a language after a certain age

Answer 48

Nature: refers to genetic factors that shape our traits, abilities and instincts Nurture: refers to the environmental influences and experiences that shape who we are

Answer 49

Bias with awareness

Answer 50

Bias without awareness Example: Assuming a man is a better leader than a woman without realizing it

Answer 51

Assuming women are less capable and less flexible than men

Answer 52

-Attributing certain traits (positive or negative) to people who are considered more attractive, or treating them differently Example: hiring candidates who are more good looking for specific jobs

Answer 53

Focus on reconciliation and repairing harm Example: someone who has caused harm confronts it with the person they have harmed

Answer 54

Automatic, subconscious forms of bias that influence decisions

Answer 55

-Depression -Anxiety -Social isolation and loneliness

Answer 56

-Symptoms may be mistaken for aging or physical illness -Ageism

Answer 57

-Helps manage symptoms of anxiety and depression -Encourages healthy coping mechanisms for loss or stress -Improves problem-solving and emotional regulation

Answer 58

-Stigma surrounding mental health issues -Financial contraints

Answer 59

-Stereotyping (automatically associating certain traits to a specific group) -Gender roles and expectations (reinforcing traditional roles of masculinity over feminity) -Cultural Hierarchy (viewing certain cultures higher than others)