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POD Exam 4 > Santanam > Flashcards

Santanam Flashcards

1
Q

Arachidonic acid is cleaved from membrane phospholipid by what

A

PLA2

PLC - specifically cleaves phosphatidylinositides, also requires Diglyceride lipase to get to AA

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2
Q

what are eicosanoids

A

oxygenated products of polyUNsaturated FAs

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3
Q

What affects the function of eicosanoids

A

nature of the precursor fatty acids

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4
Q

TXA2 vs TXA3

A

TXA2 - vasoconstrictor

TXA3 - inactive

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5
Q

What is prostaglandin synthetase

A

Enzyme complex of:

  • COX
  • Peroxidase
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6
Q

Which COX is constitutive? Inducible?

A

COX-1 : Constitutive

COX-2 : Inducible

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7
Q

Where do you find COX-1

A

BV, stomach, kidney

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8
Q

What is COX-2 involved with?

A

Inflammation

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9
Q

What causes elevation of COX-2

A

Inflammation and cytokines

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10
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids on COX-2?

A

Decreased COX-2 activity

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11
Q

Mechanism of Action: Prostaglandins

A
  1. Acts locally: paracrine, autocrine - short half life

2. Interacting with a receptor (GPCRs) ***

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12
Q

What happens after Prostaglandins bind receptor?

A

Inc or dec of adenylate cyclase

stimulation of phosphatidylinositol

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13
Q

Where is the major effect of prostaglandins seen? name the four types/areas

A

Smooth muscle: vascular, GI, airway, and reproductive

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14
Q

Which enzyme is involved with the linear pathway

A

Lipoxygenase

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15
Q

Which enzyme is involved with the cyclic pathway

A

PGH synthetase

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16
Q

In the COX pathway, what is the resulting product of action of COX on AA?

A

Unstable endoperoxide (PGG2)

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17
Q

What is the action of peroxidase in COX pathway?

A

C15 hydroperoxide (PGG2) –> C15 hydroxyl group (PGH2)

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18
Q

What are the four products of COX pathway? what is the intermediate for all four?

A
  • TXA2
  • PGI2
  • PGE2
  • PGF2a

Intermediate: PGH2 with hydroxyl group

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19
Q

Where is COX-2 constitutively expressed?

A

Brain and kidney

20
Q

What does COX-1 protect against? how?

A

HCl via increase in stomach mucus

21
Q

What is a common side effect of COX-1 inhibition?

A

GI ulcers

dec stomach mucus, more susceptible to damage due to HCl in stomach

22
Q

Effect of prostacyclin on:

Vascular:
Airway:
GI:
Reproductive:
Pain:
A
  • Vasodilator and Inhibit platelet aggregation
  • Bronchodilator
  • Inhibit gastric acid secretion, increased mucus secretion
  • Relaxes uterine muscle
  • Induces pain
23
Q

Effect of Prostaglandin on:

Vascular:
Airway:
GI:
Reproductive:
Pain:
A

Vascular, Airway, GI, pain: same as prostacyclin

CONTRACTS uterine smooth muscle - low conc
relaxes in high conc

24
Q

What is the effect of prostaglandins on fever?

A

Direct pyrogen in hypothalamus

25
Q

What cytokine stimulates PGE2?

A

IL-1

26
Q

Effect of Thromboxane on:

Vascular:
Airway:
Reproductive:

A
  • Vasoconstrictor and stimulates Platelet aggregation
  • Bronchoconstrictor
  • Uterine contraction
27
Q

What is major product of platelet COX-1? COX-2?

A

Thromboxane

Prostacyclin

28
Q

Effect of Prostaglandin F2a on:

Vascular:
Airway:
Reproductive:

A
  • Vasoconstrictor
  • Bronchoconstrictor
  • Contracts uterine muscle
29
Q

What effect does PGF2a have on the eye?

A

Decreases intraocular pressure

30
Q

What is PGF2a used to treat? What is defective in this disease?

A

Glaucoma

loss of COX-2

31
Q

What keeps DA open in fetus?

A

PGE2/1 and PGI2

32
Q

What happens to DA after birth?

A

Closes because of decreased PGE2/1, PGI2

33
Q

What is used to keep DA open in cyanotic heart disease?

A

Alprostadil via IV infusion

34
Q

What is used to close DA?

A

Indomethacin

35
Q

What specific enzyme is used in the lipoxygenase pathway?

A

5-lipoxygenase

36
Q

What is the intermediate in LOX pathway?

A

5-HETE

37
Q

Name two chemotactic agents for PMN, Eosinophils, monocytes formed in the linear pathway

A
  • 5-HETE

- LTB4

38
Q

What does LTE4 (LTC4, LTD4) do?

A

Potent bronchoconstrictor
Inc vascular permeability
Components of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

39
Q

What are LTE4, LTC4, LTD4 known as

A

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

40
Q

What is the side group on 5-HETE and what is it converted to by ______ to LTA4?

A

5-hydroperoxide to 5,6-epoxide by Dehydrase

41
Q

What enzyme converts LTA4 to Cysteinyl leukotrienes

A

Glutathione-S-transferase

42
Q

What enzyme converts LTA4 to LTB4?

A

Hydrolase

43
Q

What is the LOX pathway associated with?

A

Asthma, anaphylactic shock, CVD

44
Q

Which leukotriene produces hyperalgesia

A

LTB4

45
Q

Which leukotrienes are chemoattractants for eosinophils?

A

Cysteinyl leukotrienes

46
Q

What is FLAP?

A

5-LOX activated protein

47
Q

Which receptor does Zafirlukast, Montelukast antagonize?

A

Cys-LT1 (LTD4)

POD Exam 4 (3 decks)

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