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Ancient History > Sangam Age > Flashcards

Sangam Age Flashcards

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1
Q

Sangam literature speaks of three kingdoms

A

Chola, Pandya, and Chera

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2
Q

Sangam Era found in which Sources

A

Ashokan Inscriptions, Sangam Literature, Megasthenese Accounts

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3
Q

Three Kingdoms of Sangam age known as

A

Tamilakam

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4
Q

Sangam Period

A

300 BCE to 300 CE

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5
Q

Tamil Classic Collection

A

Tolkappiyam - Tamil Grammar
Ettuttokai anthology - Eight Collections
Pattuppattu anthology - Ten Songs
Padenenkilkanakku - Eightten Minor works

Earliest works:
Agattiyam - (a work on grammar of letters and life) by Rishi Agastya.
Pannirupadalam (a grammatical work on puram literature) by 12 disciples of Agastya
Kakkipadiniyam (a work on prosody)

Poems - 2381
composed by 473 poets
16 Poets account for 50% account
The most prolific poet - Kaliper - composed 10%
About Love (akam) and War (puram)
Paaripaatal poem - praise of Vishnu and Murugan
It also Includes Buddhist and Jainist epics

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6
Q

Sangam Literature written Style

A

literature was compiled in AD 300-600
It is in Narrative and Didactic

heroic poetry - heroes are glorified and perpetual wars and cattle raids frequently mentioned

didactic texts cover the early centuries of
the Christian era

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7
Q

The Capital Of Kingdom Cholas

A

Uraiyur, late Puhar at Kaveripattanam (Emblem - Tiger)

Started from Kavery delta to the adjoining region of Modern Tanjore and Trichinopoly

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8
Q

A Early King Kingdom Chola

A

Karikala (AD 190)

He credited victories over the neighbouring Kingdoms Pandya and Chera

He even extentend over “Ceylon” (Sri Lanka)

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9
Q

Why the Power of Chola decline

A

Rise of Pallavas
Continuous wars wages by Pandya and Chera Kingdoms

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10
Q

The Capital of Pandya

A

Madurai
Emblem - Carp
Famous port - Korkai, Saliyur

Extended over modern districts Madura, Ramnad, Tinnevelly

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11
Q

Pandya kingdom sources found in

A

Mahabharata,
Jatakas (Buddhist book)
Indica.

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12
Q

The Capital of Chera (Keralaputra) Kingdom

A

Vanji or Karur (located in the western most Taluq of the Trichinopoly
Emblem - Bow
Famous Fort - Muzris, Tondi, Bandar

It Consists modern Districts - Malabar, Cochin and Northern Travancore

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13
Q

The Commerce of Chera Kingdom

A

Sea-faring People
maintained relationship with Egypt and Roman Empire

Well Known Trade Centres:
Tondi, Musiri, Kaveripattanam and Korkai

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14
Q

Sangam Polity

A

Herediatary Monarchy

Kings were called “Vendar”
Cheiftains were called “Mannar”

Wise men diveded into two groups:
1.Aimperukku
2.Enperayam

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15
Q

The Sangam Officials of Aimperukku

A

Purohita - Priest
Senapatiyar - Army Cheif
Amaichhar - Minister
Dutar - Ambassador
Orrar - Spy
Enadi - Captain of the Army
Umanchatha - Collector of merchandise from different regions
Makamattor - Members of a guild
Veellalar - Rich Peasants

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16
Q

The Sangam Officials of Enperayam

A

Karanattiyalavar – Accountant
Karumakarar – Executive officials
Kanasassurram – Treasury Officials
Kdaikappalar – Palace guards
Nagaramandar – Leading men among the king’s subjects
Padaittalaivar – Chiefs of the infantry
Yanai Virar – Chiefs of elephantry
Ivuli – Chiefs of cavalry

17
Q

The Law and Justice of Sangam Age

A

Avai - Town court
Manrams - Village court (might have panchayats
Distributed across Mandalam (kingdom), in Nadu (Districts) and Ur (Town)

18
Q

The Society of Sangam Division

A
  1. Vyarntoc (high born people),
  2. Ilipirappalar (low born people)

Tholkappiyam mentions, about four categories of castes–
(i) Andanar (Brahmanas) (ii) Arasar (kings)
(iii) Vaisiyar (Traders) (iv) Velalar (Farmers)
“Parciyas” experienced untouchability among higher classes.

19
Q

Sangam Economy done comprehensive trade with foreign countries mainly

A

Rome

(Roman coins of Augustus Caesar’s period were found)

20
Q

What are the Sangam Economic groups

A

Group Work
(i) Kuravar – Practicing shifting agriculture
(ii) Idaiyar – rearing and keeping cattles
(iii) Vetar – hunting and gathering foods
(iv) Ulavar – ploughing land for crops
(v) Kallar – plundering i.e., cattle lifting
(vi) Panar – wandering bards
(vii) Paratavar – fishing
(viii) Umnar – salt-manufacturing

21
Q

What are the Sangam Religion

A

Sangam religious worship is classified into three categories–
(i) Worship of indigenous Gods,
(ii) Worship of exotic Hindu Gods
(iii) Worship or faith in the exotic non-Hindu rituals

Murugan, Tirumal, Balram and Indra in the temple known as Nagar, Koil, Kottam, Purai or Devalayam.
Vedic practice of Yagna (Velvi) Sraddha and
Panda

22
Q

Temples of the Sangam Age

A

Kailash Temple at Ellora,
Hoysala Temple at Belur,
Halebid, Chennakesava Temple at Belur,
Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebid, Ratha,
Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram,
Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjavur,
Vithala Temple at Hampi,
Meenakshi Temple at Madurai

23
Q

What is the Sangam age Grammar

A

Tolkappiyam (a treatise on grammar and
poetry) written by Tolkappiar.

It is divided into Three sections:
Ezhuttu(letter), Col (word) and Porul (subject matter).
(each consisting of nine sub chapters and has a total of 1,612 sutras)

24
Q

Three Epics of Sangam Age

A

Silappadikaram, Mianimekalai and
Sivaga Sidamanai.

Silappadikaram - deals with a love story in which a dignitary called Kovalan prefers a courtesan called Madhavi of Kaveripattanam to his noble wedded wife Kannagi.

Mianimekalai - deals with the adventures of the daughter born of the union of Kovalan and Madhavi though this epic is of more religious than literary interest.

25
Q

Which Tamil texts deals with philosophy and wise maxims

A

Tirukkural

26
Q

Some of the Tamil Terms are

A

Enadi – Captain of army
Vallalas – Rich peasants
Arasar – Ruling class
Orrar – Spies
Avai – Small village assembly
Irai/Karai – Land tax
Ulgu/sungam – Tolls and custom duties
Nagar – Temple
Perundaram – Higher officials
Sirutaram – Lower officials
Avanam – Market place
Panar – Birds
Vedars – Hunters
Marakkhdi – Warrior class
Kuravar – Hill tribes
Varalis – Dancing girls
Lamaram – Missile
Kalavu – Sacred marriage
Umanar – Salt maker
Korravai – Goddess of victory
Kadurai – Diety of forest
Eripatti – Tank

Ancient History (5 decks)

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