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SANFOUNDRY Flashcards

1
Q

A fractionating column’s efficiency is measured by ______

A

the number of theoretical plates

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2
Q

Once crystallization is complete, the mother liquors and crystals are vacuum-filtered through a small ____ funnel

A

Hirsch

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3
Q

An ______ is a mixture of two or more liquid components under constant boiling, and distillation processes are performed as if they were a pure compound

A

azeotrope

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4
Q

The given compound is steam volatile, insoluble in water and decomposes at its boiling point. So, ____ distillation techniques will be used for purification

A

steam

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5
Q

When the solid and liquid phase are in equilibrium, the temperature ____________
Increases
Decreases
First increases and then decreases
Remains same

A

Remains same

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6
Q

aldehydes and ketones generally react by

A

nucleophilic addition

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7
Q

hydrogenation of an alkene yields

A

alkane

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8
Q

The quantitative analysis is done using
a) Ion exchange chromatography
b) Thin layer chromatography
c) Gas chromatography
d) Liquid chromatography

A

c

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8
Q

Which of the following reactions are favoured by polar aprotic solvent?
>SN1
>SN2

A

SN2

Explanation: SN1 reactions are favored by polar protic solvents whereas SN2 reactions are favored by polar aprotic solvent.

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9
Q

In chromatography, which of the following can the
mobile phase be made of?
a) Solid or liquid
b) Liquid or gas
c) Gas only
d) Liquid only

A

b) Liquid or gas

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10
Q

What is the main ISO standard used by testing and calibration laboratories to gain accreditation and formal recognition of their competence to carry out tests including sampling?

A

ISO/IEC 17025

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11
Q

A _______ is designed to detect potential quantitative errors in the actual analyses of each sample

A

surrogate spike

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12
Q

A __________ is designed to test the ability of the method to detect known concentrations of the target compounds.

A

matrix spike

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13
Q

a ______ blank is prepared in the laboratory and is designed to
detect contamination that could arise from the reagents and laboratory equipment used in
the analysis

A

reagent/method

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14
Q

the method that is widely used for the determination of the protein content of meat and animal food

A

kjeldahl method

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15
Q

During the electroplating of silver, silver ions in solution are reduced at the _______

A

cathode

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16
Q

what is the law that states the linear relationship between absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species?

A

Beer-Lambert law

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16
Q

Glass container is not suitable for
a. inorganic trace analyses
b. oil and grease determination
c. microbiological analyses
d. all of the above

A

a. inorganic trace analyses

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17
Q

Chemical derivatization is used to increase or decrease volatility for _________ analysis
a. AAS
b. GC and HPLC
c. PCR
d. none of the above

A

b. GC and HPLC

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18
Q

Implies that the constituent determined was present in high concentration
a. Trace analysis
b. Macro analysis
c. Elemental analysis
d. All of the above

A

b. Macro analysis

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19
Q

A chemical grade of highest purity and meets or exceeds purity standards set by American Chemical Society
a. Technical grade
b. Laboratory grade
c. Pure or practical grade
d. ACS grade

A

d. ACS grade

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20
Q

Which of the following is a primary standard for use in standardizing bases?
a. Ammonium hydroxide
b. Sulfuric acid
c. Acetic acid
d. Potassium hydrogen phthalate

A

d. Potassium hydrogen phthalate

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21
Q

For most metals, the maximum holding time for acid-preserved samples is _____

A

6 months.

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22
Q

what is the light source used in the visible range to 340-1000nm

A

Tungsten Halogen

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23
Q

The ______ is defined as the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample

A

method detection limit (MDL)

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24
Q

which laboratory apparatus uses a cuvette?

A

spectrophotometer

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25
Q

The most appropriate technique to determine levels of the Pb2+ ion in blood is

A

atomic absorption spectroscopy

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26
Q

Aanalytical methods or instruments performance aim for ___
a. low signal-to-noise ratio
b. high variability
c. low dynamic range
d. high signal-to-noise ratio

A

d. high signal-to-noise ratio

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27
Q

a graphical representation of measuring signal as a function of quantity of analyte is called ___

A

calibration curve. It is also sometimes referred to as a standard curve or working curve

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28
Q

For the reaction Fe3+ + SCN- —> FeSCN2+. The equilibrium constant for this reaction can best be determined by means of what?

A

Spectrophotometry

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29
Q

A food scientist has a sample of a plantoil and wants to determine if the oil contains saturated or unsaturated fatty acids. Which of the following spectroscopic techniques would be most useful for this purpose?
A. Mass spectroscopy
B. Ultraviolet spectroscopy
C. Infrared spectroscopy
D. Visible spectroscopy

A

C. Infrared spectroscopy

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30
Q

what is a graph showing the detectors response as a function of elution time: band’s shapes position, resolution?

A

chromatogram

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31
Q

A stable light source in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis, which is necessary to emit the sharp characteristic spectrum of the element to be determined is called ____

A

hollow cathode lamp (HCL)

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32
Q

It is a hazardous waste characteristic which applies to wastes that have the potential to contaminate groundwater if improperly disposed of. Those materials are regulated as hazardous waste due to their potential to leach out specific toxic substances in a landfill.

A

Toxicity

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33
Q

In handling acid wastes, what type of protective gloves should be used?
A. Rubber gloves
B. Cloth gloves
C. Disposal plastic gloves
D. Surgical gloves

A

A. Rubber gloves

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34
Q

According to Revised DAO 04-36, the appropriate waste labels shall include ____.
A. all of the choices
B. generator ID number
c. volume of waste
d. container materials

A

A. all of the choices

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35
Q

The following acids and acid mixtures can be collected and placed in glass containers EXCEPT ___.
A. sulfuric acid
B. hydrofluoric acid
C. aqua regia
D. hydrochloric acid

A

B. hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid reacts with glass

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36
Q

Ammonia solution can be stored with the following chemicals EXCEPT for
A. cyclohexane solution
B. acetic acid solution
C. 2-propanol solution
D. sodium hydroxide solution

A

D. sodium hydroxide solution

Incompatible chemicals: Ammonia and sodium hydroxide are both strong bases. When combined, they can react violently, generating heat and releasing toxic ammonia gas. This can create a hazardous situation and potentially cause injuries.

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37
Q

What will you perform to know that the atomic absorption spectrometer continues to work properly?
A. calibration check
B. blank
C. QC sample recoveries
D. standard addition

A

A. calibration check

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38
Q

The test that decides whether a datum from a given set could be rejected or NOT is ____
A. T-test
B. Z-test
C. Q-test
D. F-test

A

C. Q-test

The Q-test, also known as the Dixon’s Q-test or outlier test, is a statistical test specifically designed to identify and potentially remove outliers from a dataset.

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38
Q

This test is used to compare the variances of two groups.
A. T-test
B. Z-test
C. Q-test
D. F-test

A

D. F-test

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39
Q

Saying that the concentration of total cyanide (CN-) in drinking water is 0.05 mg/L, which is below the maximum allowable level of 0.07 mg/L as per DOH DAO No. 20070012 when it is actually above the limit is____
A. accurate
B. false negative
C. precise
D. false positive

A

B. false negative

False negative: A false negative occurs when a test incorrectly indicates the absence of a condition or substance that is actually present. In this case, the test result shows a cyanide concentration below the safe limit when it is actually higher, potentially leading to health risks for consumers.

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40
Q

Which of the following is not a common method used for purification?
a) Sublimation
b) Crystallisation
c) Electrolysis
d) Chromatography

A

c) Electrolysis

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41
Q

Crystallisation is based on the ____________
a) Difference in melting point
b) Difference in boiling point
c) Difference in pressure
d) Difference in solubility

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Crystallisation is based on the difference in the solubility of the compound and the impurities in a suitable solvent.

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42
Q

Which of the following is the example of crystallisation process?
a) Purification of alum
b) Purification of sea water
c) Separation of gases from air
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: An impure sample of alum or copper sulphate is purified by crystallisation process. Purification of sea water is example of distillation process.

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43
Q

At room temperature, the impure compound in crystallisation is ____________
a) Soluble
b) Sparingly soluble
c) Insoluble
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The impure compound is sparingly soluble in a solvent at room temperature but appreciably soluble at higher temperatures.

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44
Q

Which of the following is known as mother liquor?
a) Solvent
b) Solute
c) Solution
d) Filtrate

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The filtrate is also known as mother liquor. A mother liquor is the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization. It is encountered in chemical processes including sugar refining.

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45
Q

The solution of impure compound and solvent is concentrated to get ____________
a) Unsaturated solution
b) Undersaturaed solution
c) Saturated solution
d) Oversaturated solution

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The solution of impure compound and solvent is concentrated to get a saturated solution. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.

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46
Q

Insoluble impurities from solution during crystallization are removed by ____________
a) Drying
b) Filtration
c) Heating
d) Cooling

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Insoluble impurities from solution during crystallization are removed by filtration. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.

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47
Q

Crystal phases can be inter-converted by varying ____________
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Size
d) Viscosity

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Crystal phases can be inter-converted by varying factors such as temperature.

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47
Q

The solution which is obtained after filtration is ____________
a) Suspended solution
b) Clear solution
c) Colloidal solution
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The solution which is obtained after filtration is a clear solution. The solution is filtered to remove insoluble impurities.

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48
Q

The nature of the crystallization process is governed by _____________
a) Thermodynamics
b) Kinetic factors
c) Thermodynamics and Kinetic factors
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The nature of the crystallization process is governed by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors.

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49
Q

Which of the following separation techniques is dependent on difference in volatility?
a) Distillation
b) Crystallization
c) Magnetic separation
d) Fractional crystallization

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Distillation process is dependent on difference in volatility. Example:- Vapor pressure, Boiling point.

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50
Q

Crystallization exploits difference in which factors?
a) Specific heat
b) Boiling point
c) Melting point
d) Bubble point

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The difference in melting point in case of crystallization leads to the separation of the mixture.

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51
Q

What is the separation by polymer membrane?
a) Exploits the difference in volatility
b) Exploits the difference in diffusivity
c) Exploits the difference in flowability
d) Exploits the difference in permeability

A

Answer: d
Explanation: In a polymer membrane, only the substances which are suitable to the membrane are passed and the rest do not pass.It can be based on the pore size of the membrane.

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51
Q

Which of the following separation techniques exploits differences in electric charge and diffusivity?
a) Chromatography
b) Electrophoresis
c) Distillation
d) Liquid Chromatography

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Electrophoresis is based on the difference in the electrical charges and their diffusivity. Based on the difference in diffusivity of electrical charges, the components are separated.

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52
Q

Which of the following is not an important property that governs the extent of separation?
a) Polarizability
b) Vapor pressure
c) Temperature
d) Radius of gyration

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The temperature of the feed will decide the state of the feed and in turn will decide the separation technique to be used. However it will have no effect on extent of separation.

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53
Q

What is the size of equipment determined by?
a) Rate of mass transfer from one phase to another
b) Rate of heat transfer from one phase to another
c) The number of reactions taking place
d) The amount of byproduct formed

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The amount of the feed i.e. the amount of mass transferred from one part of the separation process to another will determine the equipment size. More the mass transfer, larger shall be the equipment.

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54
Q

Which of the following methods are to be applied to separate Oxygen rich components and Nitrogen rich components?
a) Crystallization
b) Zone melting
c) Magnetic separation
d) Distillation

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The difference between the boiling point of oxygen (-183oC) and Nitrogen (-195.8oC) is frequently large to be separated by distillation.

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55
Q

How a mixture of iron and copper fillings is be separated?
a) Magnetic separation
b) Crystallization
c) Evaporation
d) Distillation

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Magnetic separation is employed since the components have difference in magnetic properties.

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55
Q

How will you separate o-Xylene and m-Xylene products of the same compounds?
a) Crystallization
b) Distillation
c) Polymer membrane
d) Electrophoresis

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The above mentioned components have same boiling points. So distillation cannot be used. Since they have a difference in melting point, crystallization is used.

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56
Q

How is Oil and Hexane separated?
a) Distillation
b) Separating funnel
c) Crystallization
d) Electrophoresis

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Oil and Hexane will have huge differences in the molecular weights. Hence they will form two phases in a separating funnel. Thus the layer that settles down can be removed. Distillation cannot be used here because oil might get damaged.

57
Q

How a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water is be separated?
a) One step distillation
b) Two step distillation
c) Two step crystallization
d) Separating funnel

A

Answer: b
Explanation: A two-step distillation is employed where there is an addition of benzene which is soluble in IPA and thus forms a layer. Now IPA and benzene mixture can be separated from water using a separating funnel. Further distilling, we get benzene and IPA.

58
Q

How can the DNA fragments be separated from DNA?
a) Crystallization
b) Electrophoresis
c) Distillation
d) Zone melting

A

Answer: b
Explanation: DNA fragments migrate to positive electrode in the electric field.

59
Q

In crystallization, solvent should dissolve large amount of solute at:
a) Room temperature
b) Boiling point
c) Freezing point
d) Slip melting point

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Solvent should dissolve large amount of solute at boiling point of solvent.

60
Q

The crystals obtained in crystallization are dried by:
a) Dryer
b) Oven
c) Filter paper
d) Exposing to sun

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The moisture is sucked with the help of a filter paper and the crystals are dried.

61
Q

Which of the following is not an assumption of MSMPR model?
a) Perfect mixing of the magma
b) No crystal breakage
c) Continuous, steady-flow, steady-state operation
d) Crystals are of various sizes.

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The crystals are assumed to be of same size in the MSMPR model.

62
Q

Fractional distillation is a process of separation of ____________
a) 2 miscible liquids
b) 2 immiscible liquids
c) 1 miscible and 1 immiscible liquid
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Fractional distillation is a process of separation of 2 immiscible liquids. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize.

63
Q

The difference in boiling point of 2 liquid in fractional distillation is ____________
a) Greater than 25 K
b) Less than 25 K
c) Equal to 25 K
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Difference in the boiling point of 2 liquid in fractional distillation is is less than 25 K. Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which one or more fractions of the compound will vaporize.

64
Q

A simple fractional tube is packed with ____________
a) Wooden beads
b) Plastic beads
c) Metal beads
d) Glass beads

A

Answer: d
Explanation: A simple fractional tube is packed with glass beads. The fractional distillation column is set up with the heat source at the bottom on the still pot.

65
Q

Fractional distillation is different from distillation because of the presence of ____________
a) Fractionating column
b) Condenser
c) Distillation flask
d) Conical flask

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Fractional distillation is different from distillation because of the presence of fractionating column. A laboratory fractionating column is a piece of glassware used to separate vaporized mixtures of liquid compounds with close volatility.

66
Q

The beads are provided in fractional column for ____________
a) Vapours to generate
b) Vapours to condense
c) Vapours to evaporate
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The beads are provided in fractional column for vapours to condense. The fractional distillation column is set up with the heat source at the bottom of the still pot.

67
Q

Select the incorrect statement from the following options.
a) Fractionating columns are available in various design and size
b) Fractionating columns are available according to one fixed standard
c) A simple fractionating column is a tube packed with glass beads
d) Fractional distillation is the process of separation of different gases from air

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Fractionating columns are available in various design and sizes and not according to one fixed standard.

68
Q

Which of the following gases cannot be separated from air using fractional distillation?
a) Argon
b) Oxygen
c) Helium
d) Nitrogen

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Helium gas cannot be separated from air using fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is used in air separation, producing liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, and highly concentrated argon.

69
Q

Initially, the temperature at the top of the distillation column is _______________ than at its bottom.
a) Greater
b) Lesser
c) Equal
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The temperature at the top of the column is lesser than at its bottom. The two major types of distillation columns used are tray and packing columns.

70
Q

Which of the following is more suitable for fractional distillation process?
a) Oil bath
b) Water bath
c) Glycerine bath
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Oil bath is the most suitable option for the fractional distillation process. Vacuum distillation systems operate at reduced pressure, thereby lowering the boiling points of the materials. Anti-bumping granules, however, become ineffective at reduced pressures.

71
Q

Number of steps required for the separation of two liquids in fractional distillation is _________
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Number of steps required for the separation of two liquids in fractional distillation is 2. Vacuum distillation systems operate at reduced pressure, thereby lowering the boiling points of the materials. Anti-bumping granules, however, become ineffective at reduced pressures.

72
Q

The process of heating a liquid mixture to form vapours and then cooling the vapours to get pure component is called ____________
a) Crystallisation
b) Distillation
c) Chromatography
d) Sublimation

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The process of heating a liquid mixture to form vapours and then cooling the vapours to get pure component is called distillation. Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.

73
Q

Porcelain pieces are put into the distillation flask to avoid ____________
a) Overheating
b) Uniform boiling
c) Bumping of the solution
d) None of the mentioned options

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Porcelain pieces are put into the distillation flask to avoid bumping of the solution due to uneven heating.

73
Q

The boiling point of chloroform is ____________
a) 334 K
b) 286 K
c) 350 K
d) 298 K

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The boiling point of chloroform is 334 K. Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE and refrigerants.

74
Q

The boiling point of aniline is ____________
a) 438 K
b) 370 K
c) 338 K
d) 457 K

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The boiling point of aniline is 457 K. Aniline is a toxic organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.

75
Q

How aniline and chloroform can be separated?
a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Distillation
d) Evaporation

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Aniline and chloroform can be separated through the distillation process. Aniline is a toxic organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE and refrigerants.

76
Q

Which of the following is not separated through distillation process?
a) Acetone and water
b) Aniline and chloroform
c) Impurities in Sea water
d) Milk and water

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Milk and water are not separated through the distillation process. All the other options can be separated through a distillation process.
7. Which of the following will vaporize faster?

77
Q

The distilled water is collected in ____________
a) Receiver
b) Adapter
c) Condenser
d) Round bottom flask

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The distilled water is collected in the receiver. An installation for distillation, especially of alcohol, is a distillery. The distillation equipment is still.

78
Q

Which of the following will vaporize faster?
a) Aniline
b) Chloroform
c) Water
d) Kerosene

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Chloroform will vaporize faster than aniline and water. Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid that is produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE and refrigerants.

79
Q

The residue in the round bottom flask is ____________
a) Volatile
b) Non volatile
c) None of the mentioned
d) Volatile & Non volatile

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The residue salt int he round bottom flask is non volatile in nature. The process of distillation is used for the liquids having a sufficient difference in their boiling point. Distillation also permits the separation of air into its components.

80
Q

The process of distillation is used for the liquids having ____________
a) Sufficient difference in their boiling point
b) Sufficient difference in their melting point
c) Sufficient difference in their solubility
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The process of distillation is used for the liquids having a sufficient difference in their boiling point. Distillation also permits the separation of air into its components.

81
Q

The principle on which thin layer chromatography is based is that the ____________
a) Different compounds are absorbed on an absorbent to different degrees
b) Different compounds are absorbed on an absorbent to same degrees
c) Different compounds are adsorbed on an adsorbent to different degrees
d) Different compounds are absorbed on an absorbent to same degrees

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Thin layer chromatography is based on the fact that different compounds are adsorbed on an adsorbent to different degrees. It is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures.

82
Q

The chromaplate or thin layer chromatography plate is made up of ____________
a) Glass
b) Wood
c) Fibre
d) Metal

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The chromaplate or thin layer chromatography plate is made up of glass. TLC plates are usually commercially available, with standard particle size ranges to improve reproducibility. They are prepared by mixing the adsorbent, such as silica gel, with a small amount of inert binder like calcium sulfate (gypsum) and water.

82
Q

The size of a thin layer of adsorbent is about ____________
a) 0.1 mm
b) 0.2 mm
c) 0.3 mm
d) 0.4 mm

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The size of a thin layer of adsorbent is about 0.2 mm. TLC plates are usually commercially available, with standard particle size ranges to improve reproducibility.

83
Q

In Thin Layer Chromatography, The eluant filled in the closed jar is ____________
a) Mixture of gases
b) Mixture of a liquid and a gas
c) Mixture of solids
d) Mixture of liquids

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The eluant filled in the closed jar is liquid or mixture of liquids.

84
Q

In Thin Layer Chromatography, Select the incorrect statement from the following options.
a) The spots of colorless compounds are invisible to the eyes
b) These spots can be detected by putting the plate under ultraviolet light
c) These spots can be detected by placing the plate in a covered jar containing iodine crystals
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: All the mentioned options are correct. The spots of colorless compounds are invisible to the eyes, can be detected by putting the plate under ultraviolet light and can be detected by placing the plate in a covered jar containing iodine crystals.

85
Q

In Thin Layer Chromatography, The relative adsorption of each component of the mixture is expressed in terms of its ____________
a) Acceleration factor
b) Retardation factor
c) Both acceleration and retardation factor
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The relative adsorption of each component of the mixture is expressed in terms of its retardation factor (Rf).

86
Q

Select the correct statement from the following.
a) Paper chromatography is a type of partition chromatography
b) A special quality paper is used in paper chromatography
c) Chromatography paper contains water trapped in it, which acts as stationary phase
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Paper chromatography is a type of partition chromatography. A special quality paper is used in paper chromatography which contains water trapped in it, which acts as a stationary phase.

87
Q

Amino acids detected by spraying the plate with ninhydrin solution is an example of ____________
a) Column chromatography
b) Thin layer chromatography
c) Paper chromatography
d) Liquid chromatography

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Amino acids detected by spraying the plate with a ninhydrin solution is an example of paper chromatography. Paper chromatography is an analytical method that is used to separate colored chemicals or substances.

88
Q

Paper chromatography is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases.
a) True
b) False

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Paper chromatography is based on a continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases. It is an analytical method that is used to separate colored chemicals or substances.

89
Q

Retardation factor is the ratio of ____________
a) Distance moved by substance from base line to distance moved by the solvent from base line
b) Distance moved by solvent from base line to distance moved by the substance from base line
c) Distance moved by substance from top line to distance moved by the solvent from top line
d) Distance moved by solvent from top line to distance moved by the substance from top line

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Retardation factor is the ratio of the distance moved by substance from base line to distance moved by the solvent from base line.

90
Q

What are the uses of partition chromatography?
a) Separation of amino acids
b) Analysis of closely related aliphatic alcohols
c) Separation of sugar derivatives
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The uses of partition chromatography are separation of amino acids, analysis of closely related aliphatic alcohols and separation of sugar derivatives.

91
Q

Which type of chromatography is used for the structural analysis?
a) Column chromatography
b) Paper chromatography
c) Partition chromatography
d) Affinity chromatography

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Paper chromatography is used for structural analysis. Paper chromatography is an analytical method that is used to separate colored chemicals or substances.

92
Q

Which of the following is not done using column chromatography?
a) The identification of unknown compounds
b) The determination of homogeneity of chemical substances
c) Separation of inorganic cations or complexes
d) Separation of geometric isomers

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Separation of inorganic cations or complexes is done using paper chromatography. Column chromatography is a method used to purify individual chemical compounds from mixtures of compounds.

93
Q

Affinity chromatography is used for the analysis and isolation of ____________
a) Insoluble starch substances
b) Enzyme tyrosinase
c) Antibodies bound with a covalently-attached antigen on cellulose column
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Affinity chromatography is used for the analysis and isolation of insoluble starch substances, enzyme tyrosinase and antibodies bound with a covalently-attached antigen on cellulose column.

94
Q

Purification of enzymes and proteins is done using ____________
a) Affinity chromatography
b) Liquid chromatography
c) Column chromatography
d) Thin layer chromatography

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Affinity chromatography is used for the purification of enzymes and proteins. Affinity chromatography is also used for the analysis and isolation of insoluble starch substances, enzyme tyrosinase and antibodies bound with a covalently-attached antigen on cellulose column.

95
Q

Which of the following is not an application of high performance liquid chromatography?
a) Analysis of proteins, drugs and explosives
b) Separation of pharmaceutical drugs
c) Elimination of undesirable substances from blood
d) Separation of lipids, fatty acids and steroids

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Elimination of undesirable substances from blood is done using affinity chromatography. All the other options are the application of high performance liquid chromatography.

96
Q

The analysis and separation of industrial products like soap and synthetic detergents is done using ____________
a) Thin layer chromatography
b) Gas chromatography
c) Ion exchange chromatography
d) Partition chromatography

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The analysis and separation of industrial products like soap and synthetic detergents is done using gas chromatography. It is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

97
Q

The checking of purity of samples is the application of thin layer chromatography.
a) True
b) False

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The checking of purity of samples is the application of thin layer chromatography. It is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures.

98
Q

Which of the following is the application of ion exchange chromatography?
a) The softening of hard water
b) The demineralisation of water
c) The separation and determination of anions
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The application of ion exchange chromatography is softening of hard water, demineralisation of water and the separation and determination of anions

99
Q

The quantitative analysis is done using ____________
a) Ion exchange chromatography
b) Thin layer chromatography
c) Gas chromatography
d) Liquid chromatography

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Gas chromatography is used for the quantitative analysis. It is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

100
Q

Chromatography is the process for identification, purification and separation of components of a mixture on the basis of ____________
a) Difference in their boiling point
b) Difference in their melting point
c) Difference in their affinity for mobile and stationary phase
d) Difference in their solubility

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Chromatography is the process for identification, purification and separation of components of a mixture on the basis of difference in their affinity for mobile and stationary phases. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.

101
Q

Chromatography involves two mutually ____________
a) Immiscible phases
b) Miscible phases
c) Soluble phases
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Chromatography involves two mutually immiscible phases (stationary and mobile phases). The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase.

102
Q

There is no need of support if packed into a column when the stationary phase is ____________
a) Gas
b) Liquid
c) Solid
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: c
Explanation: If the stationary phase is solid, there is no need of support if packed into a column. In solid phase, all the molecules are already in closed packing.

103
Q

Which of the following is not a stationary phase?
a) Liquid-liquid chromatography
b) Gas-liquid chromatography
c) Gas-solid chromatography
d) Solid-solid chromatography

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Solid-solid chromatography is not a stationary phase because solid-solid phase cannot provide any fluidity.

104
Q

Liquid chromatography is a technique for separating ____________
a) Ions that are not dissolved in a solvent
b) Ions that are dissolved in a solvent
c) Ions that are dissolved in a solute
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Liquid chromatography is a technique for separating ions that are dissolved in a solvent. Solute is the material which is dissolved and solvent is the solution in which it is dissolved.

105
Q

In exclusion chromatography, solute molecules are separated based on ____________
a) Molecular geometry and size
b) Molecular composition
c) Molecular phase
d) Molecular formula

A

Answer: a
Explanation: In exclusion chromatography, solute molecules are separated based on molecular geometry and size. These two physical characteristics have a significance role in exclusion chromatography.

106
Q

The gas-solid chromatography is ______________ chromatography as per basic principle involved.
a) Exclusion
b) Ion-exchange
c) Adsorption
d) Absorption

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The gas-solid chromatography is adsorption chromatography as per basic principle involved as the gas molecules are adsorbed on the solid surface.

107
Q

A proper solvent that is passed through the column for elution so that separated components can be collected is called ____________
a) Adsorbent
b) Buffer solution
c) Mobile phase
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: A proper solvent that is passed through the column for elution so that separated components can be collected is called buffer solution. The eluate is the mobile phase leaving the column. The eluent is the solvent that carries the analyte.

108
Q

In chromatography, the relative solubility of solute in both the phases determines the ____________
a) Rate of movement of solvent
b) Rate of disappearance of solvent
c) Rate of movement of solute
d) Rate of disappearance of solute

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The relative solubility of solute in both the phases determines the rate of movement of solute as solute is added to the solution.

109
Q

If the mobile phase is gas, movement of solute is determined by its ____________
a) Boiling point
b) Melting point
c) Solubility
d) Volatility

A

Answer: d
Explanation: If the mobile phase is gas, movement of solute is determined by its volatility because gas is always measured as volatility not as solubility or melting point or boiling point.

110
Q

Column chromatography is based on the principle of _______________
a) Ion-exchange
b) Exclusion principle
c) Differential adsorption
d) Absorption

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Column chromatography is based on the principle of differential adsorption. It means different compounds have different tendencies to get adsorb on a particular surface.

111
Q

Arrange the following compounds in order of their increasing adsorption tendencies.
a) Cellulose&raquo_space; starch&raquo_space; calcium carbonate&raquo_space; alumina
b) Cellulose&raquo_space; starch&raquo_space; alumina&raquo_space; charcoal
c) Charcoal&raquo_space; cellulose&raquo_space; alumina&raquo_space; starch
d) Calcium carbonate&raquo_space;; alumina&raquo_space; starch&raquo_space; cellulose

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Cellulose&raquo_space; starch&raquo_space; calcium carbonate&raquo_space; charcoal&raquo_space; alumina is the correct order of increasing adsorption tendencies.

112
Q

What is the factor responsible for the separation in column chromatography?
a) Polarity differences between the solvent
b) Polarity differences between the solute
c) Polarity indifference between the solvent
d) Polarity indifference between the solute

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Polarity differences between the solute molecules are responsible for the separation in column chromatography.

113
Q

The correct order of increasing strength of adsorption is ____________
a) Alkanes&raquo_space; Esters&raquo_space; Aldehydes&raquo_space; Phenols&raquo_space; Ketones
b) Aldehydes&raquo_space; Phenols&raquo_space; Ketones&raquo_space; Esters&raquo_space; Alkanes
c) Aldehydes&raquo_space; Ketones&raquo_space; Esters&raquo_space; Alkanes&raquo_space; Phenols
d) Alkanes&raquo_space; Esters&raquo_space; Ketones&raquo_space; Aldehydes&raquo_space; Phenols

A

d) Alkanes&raquo_space; Esters&raquo_space; Ketones&raquo_space; Aldehydes&raquo_space; Phenols

113
Q

Select the correct statement from the following options. Column Chromatography
a) The lesser the polarity of solute, more strongly it will be adsorbed on a polar surface
b) The greater the polarity of solute, more weakly it will be adsorbed on a polar surface
c) The greater the polarity of solute, more strongly it will be adsorbed on a polar surface
d) All of the mentioned option

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The greater the polarity of solute, more strongly it will be adsorbed on a polar surface.

114
Q

The components of the mixture in column chromatography are eluted in order of ____________
a) Increasing polarity and decreasing distribution ratio
b) Increasing polarity and increasing distribution ratio
c) Decreasing polarity and increasing distribution ratio
d) Decreasing polarity and decreasing distribution ratio

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The components of the mixture in column chromatography are eluted in order of increasing polarity and increasing distribution ratio.

115
Q

The elution power of a solvent is determined by ____________
a) Its overall polarity
b) The polarity of the stationary phase
c) The nature of the sample components
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The elution power of a solvent is determined by its overall polarity, the polarity of the stationary phase and the nature of the sample components.

116
Q

Which of the following is separated through column chromatography?
a) Chlorophyll and carotenoids
b) Inorganic cations or complexes
c) Sugar derivatives
d) Amino acids formed by hydrolysis of a protein molecule

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The main application of column chromatography is to separate plant pigment (Chlorophyll and carotenoids).

117
Q

The mixture of petroleum ether and benzene is used in the elution ratio of ____________
a) 1 : 2
b) 1 : 5
c) 1 : 9
d) 1 : 12

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The mixture of petroleum ether and benzene is used in the elution ratio of 1:9 (V/V).

118
Q

What is the wavelength range for UV spectrum of light?
a) 400 nm – 700 nm
b) 700 nm to 1 mm
c) 0.01 nm to 10 nm
d) 10 nm to 400 nm

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Ultraviolet (UV) is an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays (the visible region fall between 380-750 nm and X- rays region fall between 0.01 to 10nm).

119
Q

The analysis of electromagnetic radiation scattered, absorbed or emitted by the molecule is called __________
a) Kaleidoscopy
b) Astronomy
c) Spectroscopy
d) Anatomy

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The analysis of electromagnetic radiation scattered, absorbed or emitted by the molecule is called spectroscopy. Astronomy is the study of celestial objects and processes the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects and processes. A kaleidoscope is an optical instrument, typically a cylinder with mirrors containing loose, colored objects such as beads or pebbles and bits of glass. Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

120
Q

The energy level with lower energy is called __________
a) Ground state energy level
b) Initial state energy level
c) Excited state energy level
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The lower energy level is called the ground state and the higher energy level is called excited state. The excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has higher energy than the ground state.

121
Q

Absorption spectrum results when an electron in an atom undergoes a transition from __________
a) Higher energy level to a lower one
b) Lower energy level to a higher one
c) Intermediate levels
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: b
Explanation: Absorption spectrum results when an electron in an atom undergoes a transition from lower energy level to a higher one.

122
Q

The energy of a photon is given by __________
a) h/ν
b) ν/h
c) 1/hν
d) hν

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The energy of a photon is given by hν where ν is the frequency and h is plank constant.

123
Q

Select the incorrect statement from the following option.
a) Emission spectrum results when an electron in an atom undergoes a transition from excited state to the ground state
b) In the emission spectrum, transition takes place with the emission of a photon of energy hν
c) In the emission spectrum, transition takes place with the absorption of a photon of energy hν
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: c
Explanation: In the emission spectrum, transition takes place with the emission of a photon of energy hν. All the other options are correct. Emission spectrum results when an electron in an atom undergoes a transition from excited state to the ground state.

124
Q

The spectra can be broadly classified into two categories. They are __________
a) Atomic and molecular spectra
b) Atomic and electronic spectra
c) Molecular and electronic spectra
d) None of the mentioned

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The spectra can be broadly classified into two categories: atomic and molecular spectra. Atomic spectra are the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed during transitions of electrons between energy levels within an atom. Molecular spectra arises from the transition of an electron between the molecular energy levels.

125
Q

Select the correct statement from the following options.
a) Molecular spectra arises from the transition of an electron between the molecular energy levels
b) In molecular transitions, electronic, rotational and vibration transitions occurs
c) Molecular spectra is more complicated than atomic spectra
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Molecular spectra arises from the transition of an electron between the molecular energy levels. In molecular transitions, electronic, rotational and vibration transitions occurs and molecular spectra is more complicated than atomic spectra.

126
Q

The necessary condition for absorption spectrum is that __________
a) hν should be greater than the energy difference
b) hν should be smaller than the energy difference
c) hν should be equal to the energy difference
d) none of the mentioned

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The necessary condition for absorption spectrum is that hν should be equal to the energy difference(ΔE = Ee – Eg).

127
Q

The different types of energies associated with a molecule are __________
a) Electronic energy
b) Vibrational energy
c) Rotational energy
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The different types of energies associated with a molecule are electronic energy, vibrational energy, rotational energy and translational energy.

128
Q

During the motion, if the centre of gravity of molecule changes, the molecule possess __________
a) Electronic energy
b) Rotational energy
c) Translational energy
d) Vibrational energy

A

Answer: c
Explanation: During the motion, if the centre of gravity of molecule changes, the molecule possess translational energy. Translational refers to the movement in horizontal or vertical direction.

128
Q

The region of electromagnetic spectrum for nuclear magnetic resonance is __________
a) Microwave
b) Radio frequency
c) Infrared
d) UV-rays

A

Answer: b
Explanation: The region of the electromagnetic spectrum for nuclear magnetic resonance is radio frequency.

129
Q

Which of the following is an application of molecular spectroscopy?
a) Structural investigation
b) Basis of understanding of colors
c) Study of energetically excited reaction products
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The various applications of molecular spectroscopy are- Structural investigation, basis of understanding of colors and study of energetically excited reaction products.

130
Q

Select the correct statement from the following option.
a) Spectroscopic methods require less time and more amount of sample than classical methods
b) Spectroscopic methods require more time and more amount of sample than classical methods
c) Spectroscopic methods require less time and less amount of sample than classical methods
d) Spectroscopic methods require more time and less amount of sample than classical methods

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Spectroscopic methods require less time and less amount of sample than classical methods (1 mg).

131
Q

The transition zone for Raman spectra is __________
a) Between vibrational and rotational levels
b) Between electronic levels
c) Between magnetic levels of nuclei
d) Between magnetic levels of unpaired electrons

A

Answer: a
Explanation: The transition zone for Raman spectra is between vibrational and rotational levels. Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system.

132
Q

The criteria for electronic spin resonance is ____________
a) Periodic change in polarisability
b) Spin quantum number of nuclei > 0
c) Presence of unpaired electron in a molecule
d) Presence of chromophore in a molecule

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The criterion for electronic spin resonance is the presence of unpaired electron in a molecule. This spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.

133
Q

The electronic spectra in the visible range span is __________
a) 25000-72000 cm-1
b) 25000-50000 cm-1
c) 12500-25000 cm-1
d) 15000-30000 cm-1

A

Answer: c
Explanation: The electronic spectra in the visible range span 12500-25000 cm-1 and in the UV region span 25000-72000 cm-1

134
Q

Which of the following transitions are of weak intensities and lie in the visible region?
a) n→n*
b) σ→σ*
c) π→π*
d) n→σ*

A

Answer: a
Explanation: n→n* transitions are of weak intensities and lie in the visible region.

135
Q

In Electronic Spectroscopy, What is the position of the band of alkanes?
a) 190 nm
b) 185 nm
c) 217 nm
d) 150 nm

A

Answer: d
Explanation: The position of the band of alkanes is ≈150 nm. Alkanes refer to any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, and higher members.

136
Q

In Electronic Spectroscopy, Which of the following organic compound shows transition due to conjugation?
a) Alkenes
b) Saturated aliphatic ketones
c) Conjugated dienes
d) Alkanes

A

Answer: c
Explanation: Conjugated dienes shows the transitions of low energy and is due to conjugation.

137
Q

Which of the following is not an auxochrome group?
a) –OH
b) –SH
c) –OR
d) –O2

A

d) –O2

138
Q

Which of the following shift leads to the decreased intensity of absorption?
a) Hypochromic
b) Hyperchromic
c) Hypsochromic
d) Bathochromic

A

Answer: a
Explanation: Hypochromic shift leads to the decreased intensity of absorption. Hypochromicity describes a material’s decreasing ability to absorb light. Hyperchromicity is the material’s increasing ability to absorb light.

139
Q

Which of the following is an application of electronic spectroscopy?
a) Detection of impurities
b) Control of purification
c) Study of kinetics of the chemical reaction
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Detection of impurities, control of purification, study of the kinetics of the chemical reaction, determination of molecular weight and determination of unknown concentration are the applications of electronic spectroscopy.

140
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the Lambert-Beer’s law?
a) Scattering of light due to particles
b) Fluorescence of sample
c) Non-monochromatic radiation
d) All of the mentioned

A

Answer: d
Explanation: Scattering of light due to particles, fluorescence of the sample and non-monochromatic radiation are some of the limitations of Lambert-Beer’s law. It relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is traveling.

141
Q

A student has to measure out 9.40 mL of a liquid and selects a 100 mL graduated cylinder. To improve the accuracy of the measurement, it would be most effec­tive to:

a. take the average of multiple measurements using the graduated cylinder.
b. measure the liquid using a 25 mL graduated cylinder instead.
c. estimate the measurement obtained from the graduated cylinder to an additional significant figure.
d. measure the liquid using a 10 mL graduated pipette instead.

A

d. measure the liquid using a 10 mL graduated pipette instead.

142
Q

A soluble ionic compound is thought to contain either sodium or calcium as the cation. Which of the following solutions could be added to an aqueous sample of the compound to determine the identity of the cation?

a. hydrochloric acid
b. nitric acid
c. potassium bromide
d. potassium carbonate

A

d. potassium carbonate

143
Q

In living cells, nonspontaneous metabolic reactions are made thermodynamically possible primarily through:

a. direct interaction of the bonds in carbohydrates with those in the molecules involved in the metabolic reaction.
b. coupling with the energy-releasing reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
c. the compartmentalization of the various steps of the metabolic pathway within membranes.
d. heating of the immediate environment through the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in large organic molecules.

A

b. coupling with the energy-releasing reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

CHT (5 decks)

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