Sanders Flashcards
Where are most kidney stones formed?
The renal pelvis
What allows for the peristaltic contractions that originate in the renal pelvis & carry down to the ureter?
pacemaker cells in the renal pelvis
What is hydronephrosis? What happens if it goes untreated?
increased pressure in the kidney & dilation in the renal pelvis due to an obstruction in the flow of urine from the kidney…
If untreated–progressive atrophy of the kidney
When do the symptoms of a kidney stone begin? What are they?
When the stone tries to pass. Pain Vomiting Blood in urine Fever or chills
What are the 3 main places that the kidney stone can get stuck?
Junction b/w the renal pelvis & the ureter
The point where the ureter passes over the iliac vessels
The junction where the ureter enters the bladder
Which kidney stone type might you have if you have ingested too much calcium or vitamin D?
Calcium oxalate stones
Which kidney stone type might you have if you have a harmful kidney infection? Which gender is more likely to get this type?
Struvite kidney stones
females are more likely to get this type
Which kidney stone type might you have if you have eaten way too much animal protein?
uric acid kidney stones
Which kidney stone type is extremely rare & you prob only have if you have a rare genetic kidney disease?
Cystine kidney stones
What is the peristalsis in the ureter called? Where does it originate? What is its purpose?
Pyeloureteral Peristalsis
Originates w/ the electrical activity of the pacemaker cells in the renal pelvis
With each muscle contraction a bolus of urine is pushed down.
**NOte; there is no electrical activity in the ureter; only in the renal pelvis…it just spreads to the ureter.
T/F Urine can be moved into the urinary bladder even against gravity. If true, why?
True. B/c of the peristaltic contractions.
What is super duper cool about the urinary bladder? Something that distinguishes it from a balloon being filled with water…
As a balloon is filled with water, the pressure inside increases.
As the urinary bladder is filled…it becomes more compliant & the pressure doesn’t increase that much.
For this reason, you don’t have to urinate ALL the time.
What are the layers of tissue of the urinary bladder from the outside to the inside?
Outside Adventitia w/ CT & blood vessels & nerves Detrusor Muscle: a muscle bundle Submucosa Lamina Propria Transitional Epithelium Inside
What else is the transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder called? What is the deal w/ its permeability & sensory input?
Urothelium
not very permeable…feeds info thru the submucosa to the detrusor muscle
What makes up the suburothelium?
The lamina propria & submucosa
What are secretomotor neurons?
Neurons that control the secretion & muscle contraction…
What is the sensory process that leads to micturition?
Urothelium senses that the bladder is full.
It releases ATP or other communicators.
The suburothelium has receptors for these substances & sends the afferent message to the CNS.
CNS sends efferent motor message back to the bladder (detrusor muscle) & causes contraction & micturition.
Are you consciously aware of a full bladder?
not until it reaches a certain threshold & is really full
