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Small Animal Nursing > SAN Test 1 Review > Flashcards

SAN Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the names of the life stages in cats and what age range do they represent?

A

Kittens (0-6 months), Adolescents (6 months - 2 years), Adults (2-10 years), Seniors (10+ years)

These stages help in understanding the developmental needs of felines.

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2
Q

What association came up with the feline life span chart?

A

American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP)

AAFP provides guidelines for feline health and wellness.

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3
Q

For dog life spans, what has AAHA defined as a senior and geriatric dog?

A

Senior: 7 years and older; Geriatric: 11 years and older

AAHA uses a general age range rather than a strict number chart due to varying sizes and breeds.

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4
Q

Explain the 7 basic things that should happen during a first-time visit with a 6-8 week old puppy or kitten.

A
  1. Health assessment
  2. Vaccination schedule
  3. Parasite control
  4. Nutrition advice
  5. Socialization tips
  6. Training recommendations
  7. Spay/neuter discussion

These topics help set a foundation for responsible pet ownership.

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5
Q

What topics should a technician discuss with a new pet owner during the first appointment?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Vaccination
  3. Parasite prevention
  4. Training
  5. Socialization
  6. Spaying/neutering
  7. Grooming needs

These discussions ensure owners are well-informed about their new pet’s care.

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6
Q

When should we start discussing spaying and neutering with pet owners?

A

During the first visit or when the pet is 6-8 weeks old

Early discussions help prepare owners for responsible pet management.

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7
Q

What are 4 things that will be eliminated if you have your pet spayed?

A
  1. Unwanted pregnancies
  2. Heat cycles
  3. Risk of certain cancers
  4. Behavioral issues related to mating

Spaying reduces health risks and behavioral problems.

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8
Q

What is 1 thing that neutering will eliminate? What are 5 things that may be eliminated by having your pet neutered?

A

Eliminate: Testicular cancer

May eliminate:
* Aggression
* Marking territory
* Roaming
* Certain infections
* Unwanted litters

Neutering has significant health and behavioral benefits.

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9
Q

What are some breeds that may require more preventive care education due to breed-related issues?

A
  1. Bulldogs
  2. Dachshunds
  3. Retrievers
  4. Boxers
  5. Siamese cats

These breeds often have specific health predispositions that owners should be aware of.

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10
Q

List the ‘big 11’ common toxicities and their clinical signs.

A
  1. Chocolate - vomiting, diarrhea
  2. Grapes - kidney failure
  3. Xylitol - hypoglycemia
  4. Onions - hemolytic anemia
  5. Garlic - gastrointestinal upset
  6. Antifreeze - neurological signs
  7. Ibuprofen - gastrointestinal ulcers
  8. Acetaminophen - liver failure
  9. Rodenticides - bleeding
  10. Sago palm - liver failure
  11. Lilies (cats) - renal failure

Awareness of these toxicities can save lives and prevent emergencies.

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11
Q

How might preventive care change as an animal gets older?

A
  1. Adult visits: More routine care
  2. Senior visits: Increased screening for age-related issues
  3. Geriatric visits: Focus on management of chronic conditions

Regular health checks adapt to the needs of aging pets.

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12
Q

What are some common routine grooming procedures performed during regular visits?

A
  1. Bathing
  2. Nail trimming
  3. Ear cleaning
  4. Teeth brushing
  5. Coat brushing

Regular grooming is essential for overall health and hygiene.

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13
Q

What are some common routine screening tests performed during a regular health exam?

A
  1. Blood tests
  2. Urinalysis
  3. Fecal exams
  4. Heartworm testing
  5. Vaccination status check

These tests help monitor the health status of pets.

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  1. Active immunity
  2. Passive immunity

Understanding these types is crucial for vaccine efficacy.

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15
Q

What are the 3 ways that passive immunity can occur?

A
  1. Maternal antibodies
  2. Colostrum intake
  3. Injection of antibodies

Passive immunity provides temporary protection.

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16
Q

What is active immunity and what are the 3 ways it may be stimulated?

A

Active immunity is the body’s own immune response. It may be stimulated by:
1. Natural infection
2. Vaccination
3. Exposure to pathogens

Active immunity provides long-term protection.

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17
Q

Why do vaccines not commonly cause the disease that they protect against?

A

Vaccines contain attenuated or inactivated pathogens

This design ensures immune response without causing disease.

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18
Q

What are the 2 main types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated vaccines
  2. Inactivated (killed) vaccines

Each type has distinct characteristics and uses.

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19
Q

Which type of vaccine is most likely to cause a vaccine reaction and why?

A

Live attenuated vaccines; they can replicate and provoke a stronger immune response

Understanding reactions helps in monitoring post-vaccination.

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20
Q

How should we store vaccines?

A

In a refrigerator at 35-45°F (2-7°C)

Proper storage is critical for vaccine efficacy.

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21
Q

When reconstituting vaccines, can we use any sterile diluents or should we only use the one provided by the company with the vaccine?

A

Only use the diluent provided by the vaccine company

Using the correct diluent ensures vaccine effectiveness.

22
Q

What are the routes that vaccines can be administered? What are the most common ways?

A

Routes:
* Subcutaneous
* Intramuscular
* Intranasal
* Oral

Most common: Subcutaneous and intramuscular

These routes affect the immune response and convenience.

23
Q

Which vaccines are canine or feline? Which ones are core or non-core vaccines?

A

Canine Core: DA2PP, Rabies
Canine Non-core: Lyme, Lepto
Feline Core: FVRCP, Rabies
Feline Non-core: FeLV

Core vaccines are essential for all pets; non-core are based on risk.

24
Q

Why do puppies/kittens need 3 sets of vaccines and dogs/cats over 16 weeks only need 2?

A

Puppies/kittens need 3 due to maternal antibody interference; older pets have likely developed some immunity

This ensures adequate protection during early development.

25
Q

Guidelines for vaccinations of dogs and cats are published and recommended by whom?

A

American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and American Association of Feline Practitioners (AAFP)

These organizations provide standards for veterinary practice.

26
Q

Why is it important to have a standard protocol for where vaccines are given?

A

To ensure consistency and minimize adverse reactions

Proper documentation in medical records is also crucial.

27
Q

Why is it no longer seen as best practice to give vaccines in the ‘scruff’ region?

A

Risk of adverse reactions and difficulty in administering

Recommended sites are more effective and safer.

28
Q

What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?

A

Core vaccines are essential for all pets; non-core vaccines are based on specific risk factors

This distinction helps tailor vaccination protocols.

29
Q

List the core and non-core vaccines for dogs and cats.

A

Dogs:
* Core: DA2PP, Rabies
* Non-core: Lyme, Lepto
Cats:
* Core: FVRCP, Rabies
* Non-core: FeLV

This classification aids in understanding vaccination needs.

30
Q

What are feline Rhinotracheitis and Calicivirus? What body systems do they affect?

A

Feline Rhinotracheitis: A respiratory disease; affects the upper respiratory system
Calicivirus: A viral infection; affects the respiratory and oral systems

These conditions are common in cats and require vaccination.

31
Q

What is Panleukopenia and how is it comparable to parvo?

A

Panleukopenia is often referred to as feline distemper; it is comparable to parvo due to similar clinical signs and effects on the gastrointestinal system

Both diseases can be severe and require vaccination.

32
Q

Briefly explain the difference between Canine Adenovirus 1 and Adenovirus 2.

A

Adenovirus 1 causes hepatitis; Adenovirus 2 is a respiratory pathogen. The vaccine for type 2 provides cross-protection against type 1

Understanding this difference is important for vaccination practices.

33
Q

Why should felines that are vaccinated for FIV be microchipped?

A

To ensure proper identification and management of FIV-positive cats

Microchipping is crucial for tracking health status.

34
Q

What is Parvo? What does it do to the body?

A

Parvo is a viral infection that attacks the intestinal lining, leading to severe gastrointestinal distress

It is highly contagious and can be fatal.

35
Q

How is Parvo spread?

A

Through direct contact with infected feces or contaminated environments

Understanding transmission helps in prevention strategies.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of Parvo?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhea (often bloody)
  3. Lethargy
  4. Fever
  5. Loss of appetite

Recognizing symptoms early is critical for treatment.

37
Q

Why do parvo dogs tend to deteriorate so fast?

A

Due to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Rapid deterioration necessitates immediate veterinary care.

38
Q

What life stage is most often affected by Parvo?

A

Puppies aged 6 weeks to 6 months

Young dogs are particularly vulnerable due to their immature immune systems.

39
Q

How long can Parvo survive outside of the body?

A

Up to 6 months in the environment

This long survival rate complicates control measures.

40
Q

Is Parvo hard to kill?

A

No, it is resistant to many disinfectants but can be killed with proper cleaning agents like bleach

Effective cleaning is vital in preventing outbreaks.

41
Q

Why is it critical to have proper isolation techniques when dealing with Parvo in a clinic?

A

To prevent the spread of the virus to other animals

Isolation techniques are essential for outbreak control.

42
Q

What are some mild to moderate reactions to vaccines that owners might see?

A
  1. Lethargy
  2. Mild fever
  3. Swelling at the injection site
  4. Decreased appetite

Most reactions are temporary and resolve quickly.

43
Q

What might a severe vaccine reaction look like?

A

Anaphylaxis, severe swelling, difficulty breathing, vomiting, or collapse

Severe reactions require immediate veterinary attention.

44
Q

How should you counsel an owner on how to react to a severe vaccine reaction?

A

Seek immediate veterinary care and provide details about the vaccine received

Timing is critical for effective treatment.

45
Q

What could happen if the pet does not receive treatment fast enough for a severe vaccine reaction?

A

Potential death or severe health complications

Quick action is crucial to ensure the pet’s safety.

46
Q

What kinds of notes should we take if we see a mass that might be a reaction to a vaccine?

A
  1. Size of the mass
  2. Location
  3. Duration since vaccine
  4. Any changes in the mass
  5. Owner’s observations

Detailed notes assist in monitoring and further evaluation.

47
Q

Explain the 1-2-3 rule.

A

If a mass persists for more than 1 month, is larger than 2 cm, or is increasing in size after 3 months, it should be evaluated

This rule helps in identifying potential vaccine reactions.

48
Q

What species are more likely to get a Sarcoma from a vaccine? Associated with what vaccines?

A

Cats are more likely; associated with rabies and FeLV vaccines

Understanding risks aids in vaccination strategies.

49
Q

What are 5 things we can do to prevent a vaccine reaction from happening?

A
  1. Pre-screen for health issues
  2. Use appropriate injection sites
  3. Administer vaccines at appropriate ages
  4. Monitor post-vaccination
  5. Keep an emergency kit on hand

Preventive measures enhance vaccine safety.

50
Q

Why is it important to review and learn the vaccine protocol of the clinic you are working at?

A

To ensure consistency and adherence to best practices

Familiarity with protocols improves patient outcomes.

51
Q

Why is it important to talk to owners regarding veterinary antiparasitic products vs. OTC products?

A

Veterinary products are more effective and safer; OTC products may not address specific needs

Educating owners helps in making informed decisions about pet health.

Small Animal Nursing (2 decks)

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