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PSYC 203, Research Methods in Psychology > Sampling, Measurement, Hypothesis Testing > Flashcards

Sampling, Measurement, Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Those participating in a study constitute a ______

A

sample

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2
Q

The sample may be considered a subset of a general group called the ________

A

population

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3
Q

When the sample reflects the attributes of the target population it is ________

A

representative

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4
Q

When the sample does NOT reflect the attributes of the target population it is ______

A

biased

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5
Q

Random sampling

A

Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample

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6
Q

Stratified sampling

A

The proportions of important subgroups (ex; female and male) in the population are represented precisely

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7
Q

Cluster sampling

A

The researcher randomly selects a cluster of people all having some feature in common

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8
Q

Convenience sample

A

A group of individuals who meet the general requirements of the study are recruited in a variety of non-random ways
- Often form the “subject pool”

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9
Q

Sometimes a specific type of person is recruited for the study. This is a convenience sampling strategy called…

A

purposive sampling

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10
Q

Quota sampling

A
  • Attempts to accomplish the same goal as stratified sampling (representing subgroups proportionally)
  • Non-random
  • May use “subject pool” to recruit participants
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11
Q

Snowball sampling

A

Researcher asks people who already completed their study to recruit additional subjects

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12
Q

Researchers develop measures from ______

A

constructs

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13
Q

Construct

A

Hypothetical factors that cannot be observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviours

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14
Q

Constructs are defined using…

A

operational definitions

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15
Q

Attention span as the _____ and letter identification as the…

A

construct, behaviour to measure the construct

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16
Q

Burnout as the ______ and score on self-reported Burnout index as the…

A

construct, behaviour to measure the construct

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17
Q

Determining is a measure is any good requires assessing two key factors:

A
  1. Reliability

2. Validity

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18
Q

Reliability

A
  • Results are repeatable

- If there is a lot of measurement error, reliability is low and vice versa

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19
Q

Validity

A

Measures what it is designed to measure

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20
Q

Content validity

A

Whether the content of the items on a test make sense in terms of the construct being measured

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21
Q

Face validity

A

Whether the measure seems valid to those who are taking it

22
Q

Criterion validity

A

Whether the measure is related to some behavioural outcome or criterion that has been established prior to research

23
Q

Criterion validity: Predicative

A

Whether the measure can accurately forecast some future behaviour

24
Q

Criterion validity: Concurrent

A

Whether the measure is meaningfully related to some other measure of behaviour

25
Q

Construct validity

A

Whether a test adequately measures some construct and it connects directly with the operational definition

Accumulates as research produces supportive results

26
Q

Construct validity: Convergent

A

Scores on a test measuring some construct should relate to scores on other tests that are theoretically related to the construct

27
Q

Construct validity: Discriminative

A

Scores on a test measuring some construct should NOT be related to scores on other tests that are theoretically unrelated to the construct

28
Q

Validity assumes reliability but…

A

reliability does not assume validity

29
Q

Nominal scales

A
  • The number we assign to events serves only to classify them into one group or another
  • Studies using these scales typically assign people to names of categories and count the number of people falling into each category
30
Q

Ordinal scales

A

Sets of rankings, showing the relative standing of objects or individuals

31
Q

Interval scales

A
  • Each unit increase in the scale is assumed to reflect the same change in the underlying measure
  • Zero does not mean the absence of an attribute
  • Think temperature
32
Q

Ratio scales

A
  • Each unit increase in the scale is assumed to reflect the same change in the underlying measure
  • Zero does mean the absence of an attribute
  • Think height
33
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Summarize data collected from sample

34
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Allow you to draw conclusions about your data that can be applied to the wider population

35
Q

Descriptive statistics include…

A
  • Measures of central tendency
  • Measures of variability
  • Measures of association
36
Q

Inferential statistics include…

A

hypothesis testing

37
Q

When is the median useful?

A

When scores are very different from the rest it is beneficial to calculate the median. This is because the mean with give a distorted view

38
Q

When is the interquartile range useful?

A

Useful for the same reason the median is useful - when there are outliers

39
Q

The variance and standard deviation rely on the mean and thus…

A

should only be used when data is fairly normally distributed

40
Q

On a Normal Distribution, 68% of all scores…

A

falls within a single standard deviation on either side of the mean

41
Q

On a Normal Distribution, 95% of all scores…

A

fall within two standard deviations on either side of the mean

42
Q

If you reject the null, you are rejecting the idea that…

A

there is no difference or relationship between conditions and saying that there is a statistically significant difference between conditions

43
Q

If you fail to reject the null, you are failing to reject the idea that…

A

there is no difference or relationship between conditions and saying that there is no statistically significant difference between conditions

44
Q

If p-value is LESS than alpha (0.05)…

A

Conclude that there is a statistically significant difference between conditions

45
Q

Type I error

A

Rejecting the null when it is in fact true is called a Type I error

There is no real difference but you think there is because of the results in your study

46
Q

Type II error

A

When you fail to reject the null but you are wrong

There really is a difference but you failed to find it in your study

47
Q

Confidence intervals

A

Based on the data for a sample, we can be 95% confident the calculated interval captures the population mean

48
Q

Non-overlapping confidence intervals indicate…

A

a meaningful difference between the two conditions of the study

49
Q

Power

A

The chance of being able to reject the null when it is in fact false is referred to as the power of the statistical test

50
Q

A test is said to have high power if it results in a _____ probability that a real difference will be found in a particular study

A

high

51
Q

As power increases, the chance of a _____ error decreases and vice versa

A

Type II

PSYC 203, Research Methods in Psychology (10 decks)

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