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AP Statistics > Sampling and Surveys Vocab > Flashcards

Sampling and Surveys Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

all of the individuals from whom we want data

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2
Q

census

A

collects data from every individual in the population

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3
Q

sample

A

a subset of individuals in the population from where we collect data

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4
Q

sample survey

A

stidy collecting data from a sample of the population.

1) decide population
2) find what want to measure
3) choose how pick sample

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5
Q

convenience sampling

A

selects individuals who are easy to reach

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6
Q

Issues with convenience sampling

A

1) undercoverage
2) response bias (who is asking influence)
3) nonresponse bias

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7
Q

bias

A

a method that systematically favors certain outcomes over another

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8
Q

Voluntary response sampling

A

participants voluntarily chose to join the sample

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9
Q

Issues with voluntary response sampling

A

1) voluntary response bias (could have strong opinions)
2) undercoverage
3) non response bias

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10
Q

Random Sampling

A

Uses chance to determine who is included in the data set

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11
Q

Simple Random Sampling

A

Every group of n individuals has an equal chance of being selected (ideal)

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12
Q

Issues with SRS

A

1) non response bias
2) most ideal
3) hard to conduct

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13
Q

How to phrase SRS

A

Randomly assign [subject] numbers [1-3000]. Use a random number generator to select [100] people, ignoring repeats.

menu-probability-randseed; menu-prob-randint(lower, upper, trials)

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14
Q

Sampling without replacement

A

Once an individual is selected, they can not be selected again

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15
Q

strata

A

groups of people who share characteristics thought to be associated with tested variable

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16
Q

Stratified Random Sampling

A

Divide population into strata and combine subsamples

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17
Q

Issues with Stratified Random Sampling

A

1) non response

2) very hard to conduct/time consuming

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18
Q

How to phrase Stratified Random Sample

A

Stratify by [group]. Randomly assign [subject] numbers [1-3000]. Use a random number generator to select numbers [25] from each [group].

Groups of blubber fish 20-move down 20 on 0.25-0.5cm and get fish #37.

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19
Q

cluster

A

group of individuals in a population that are near each other

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20
Q

cluster sampling

A

Select sample by randomly choosing clusters

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21
Q

How to phrase cluster

A

Randomly select [5] [group] and survey every [subject] in those [groups]

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22
Q

Issues with cluster sampling

A

1) undercoverage

2) nonresponse

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23
Q

Systematic Random Sampling

A

chose every [10th] seat in a group of [800] for a sample size of [80].

24
Q

How to phrase Systematic Random sampling

A

Randomly assign [subject] numbers [1-3000]. Use a random number generator to select numbers [1-10]. Survey every [30th] [subject].

25
Q

Issues with Systematic Random sampling

A

1) non response

2) time consuming

26
Q

undercoverage

A

part of the population is not accounted for in the sampling

27
Q

non response

A

individual refuses to participate or can not be contacted

28
Q

response bias

A

systematic pattern of inaccurate responses (based on interviewer, or voluntary response)

29
Q

observational study

A

observes individuals and measures variables without influencing results. Only confirms correlation, not causation. Ex: smoking, volcano, natural

30
Q

response variable

A

measures outcome of a study

31
Q

experimental study

A

Experimenter controls variables. Can show causation.

32
Q

explanatory variable

A

helps explain or predict changes in response variable (x)

33
Q

confounding

A

variable influences independent and dependent variables (extra variable other than what testing for).

34
Q

experiment

A

imposes treatments on individuals and compares with a control group to measure impact.

35
Q

placebo

A

treatment without any active ingredient (control)

36
Q

treatment

A

specific condition applied to individuals in a experiment

37
Q

experimental unit

A

object treatment is randomly assigned

38
Q

subject

A

word for when experimental unit is a human being

39
Q

factor

A

An explanatory variable that is manipulated and may lead to a change in response variable

40
Q

level

A

the degree to which the explanatory variable has changed (0.5ga, 1ga, 2ga)

41
Q

control group

A

baseline to compare effects of other treatments. Could be a placebo, active treatment, or no treatment

42
Q

placebo effect

A

belief that react to treatment, even when received inactive treatment (unknowingly).

43
Q

double-blind

A

neither subject nor administrator know what the variables are/ if it is a placebo

44
Q

single blind

A

either the participant or the administrator knows the variables/ if it is a placebo

45
Q

Random assignment

A

experimental units are assigned treatments by chance

46
Q

control

A

keep all other variables constant in experiment

47
Q

replication

A

Ensuring a large sample size so that differences between treatment groups can be observed

48
Q

completely randomized design

A

sizes of groups, treatment received, and response variables completely random

49
Q

block

A

group of participants that are known to be similar (found after decide sample)

50
Q

randomized block design

A

random assignment of treatments to participants is decided within each block

51
Q

matched pairs design (2 students for each block)

A

Subjects similar characteristics selected into pairs (similar SAT score both take math test dif locations and compare)

52
Q

matched pairs design (student serves as own block)

A

Subjects similar characteristics selected into pairs (each student takes test twice, one in each location)

53
Q

sampling variability

A

random samples produce different estimates (larger= more accurate)

54
Q

statistically significant

A

When results cant be explained by chance alone. Only study that can draw conclusions from.

55
Q

scope of inference

A

1) random selection individ allow inference about population

2) random assignment of individuals to groups allows inference cause and effect

AP Statistics (2 decks)

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