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A Level Biology - 4.1.2 Biodiversity > Sampling > Flashcards

Sampling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the result of sampling?

A

An estimate number in the whole habitat

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2
Q

What is sampling?

A

Counting the number of species and number of individuals in each species in a small proportion of the habitat

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3
Q

What does sampling allow?

A

Predictions and generalisations about number, type of species, distributions of organisms and their traits

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4
Q

What does sampling allow?

A

Predictions and generalisations about number, type of species, distributions of organisms and their traits

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5
Q

What is a minimum to sample?

A

10%

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6
Q

What are the issues with sampling?

A

It is never entirely representative due to sampling bias or chance

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7
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

Selection may be biased either by accident or on purpose

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8
Q

How do you reduce the effect of sampling bias?

A

Random sampling where no human involvement in choosing

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9
Q

What is chance?

A

Organisms selected may be by chance and aren’t representative

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10
Q

How can the effects of chance be reduced?

A

By using a larger sample size

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of sampling?

A

Random and non random

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12
Q

What is the method of random sampling?

A
  1. Use a grid of measuring tapes
  2. Random number generator gives co-ordinates
  3. Sample at the point
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13
Q

What are strengths of random sampling?

A

It avoids bias, each area has the same probability of being chosen and you can analyse statistically

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of non-random sampling?

A

Opportunistic, systematic and stratified

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15
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Sample organisms that happen to be present so might not be representative

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16
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Sample different identified areas using a transect

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17
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Divide organisms into subgroups and sample according to size of group

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18
Q

What are strengths of non random sampling?

A

It can measure the variety of distribution patterns at the site and good to measure change

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19
Q

How do you measure population size?

A

Mark, release and recapture

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20
Q

What is the equation to measure population size?

A

N = Mn / m

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21
Q

What is N?

A

The populations size to be estimated

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22
Q

What is M?

A

The number of members of the population that are captured and initially tagged

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23
Q

What is n?

A

The number of members of the population that are captured subsequently

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24
Q

What is m?

A

The number of members of this subsequent captured population that are tagged

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25
Q

What are the types of quadrants?

A

Frame, grid, and point

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26
Q

What is a frame quadrant?

A

A square sub-divided frame for easy estimation

27
Q

What is a quadrat used for?

A

Non-mobile species

28
Q

How do you use a frame quadrat?

A

Count number of individuals or estimate percentage cover when cannot count

29
Q

What is a grid quadratic?

A

Has 100 squares so better estimate for percentage cover so can count better

30
Q

What are quadrats used to measure?

A

Density, frequency and percentage cover

31
Q

How do you measure density using a quadrat?

A

If an individual plant can be seen, count number per quadrat

32
Q

What is a strength of calculating density?

A

It is an absolute measure instead of an estimate

33
Q

How do you measure frequency using a quadrat?

A

Work out frequency of occurrence per quadrat

34
Q

When do you use frequency?

A

When individual members of a species are hard to count

35
Q

When do you use percentage cover?

A

For speed

36
Q

How do you measure percentage cover using a quadrat?

A

Eye estimate of area within quadrat that plant cover

37
Q

What are line transects?

A

Mark a line along the ground and take samples at specified points

38
Q

What is a belt transect?

A

Two parallel lines are marked, and sampled are taken of marked area

39
Q

How do you use a line or belt transect?

A

Place a quadrat at either intervals or continuously along tape measure

40
Q

What is a line or belt transect used for?

A

To measure change over a distance

41
Q

What is a point quadrat?

A

A frame contains a horizontal bar and at set intervals, long pins are pushed through bar to reach the ground

42
Q

When do you use a point quadrat?

A

In dense vegetation or deeper foliage

43
Q

What are ways of sampling animals?

A

Capture, tree beating, tull green funnel, light traps, pooters, pitfall traps and mammal trap

44
Q

What is the capture method of sampling animals?

A

Use a sweep net or kick net where sticks and mud are kicked up then net is brought through water

45
Q

What is tree beating?

A

Hit the tree and small animals are knocked out of tree into the net

46
Q

What is a tullgren funnel?

A

Leaf litter is place in funnel and the light drives the animals downwards as the litter dries out, they fall through mesh screen into collecting jar with preservative

47
Q

What are light traps?

A

Used to collecting moths and flying insects as attracted to the light

48
Q

What are pooters?

A

Used to suck up insects or small animals for investigation, gauze/filter prevents inhalation of animals

49
Q

What are pitfall traps?

A

Used to collect small animals, leave out for 24h then remove

50
Q

What are mammal traps?

A

The door closes once a mammal walks into trap, have to be checked frequently due to starvation or dehydration

51
Q

What are advantages of measuring abiotic factors?

A

Rapid changes can be detected, human errors are reduced, high degree of precision and data can be stored and tracked

52
Q

How do you measure wind speed?

A

Anemometer

53
Q

How do you measure light intensity?

A

Light meter

54
Q

How do you measure relative humidity?

A

Humidity sensor

55
Q

How do you measure pH?

A

pH probe

56
Q

How do you measure temperature?

A

Temperature probe

57
Q

How do you measure oxygen content in water?

A

Dissolved oxygen probe

58
Q

How do you measure temperature of soil?

A

Soil thermometer

59
Q

How do you measure acidity/alkalinity of soil?

A

Soil pH tester

60
Q

How do you measure nitrogen concentration?

A

Nitrate detector

61
Q

How do you measure mositure?

A

Moisture meter

62
Q

How do you measure levels of light?

A

Light meter

63
Q

How do you identify plants?

A

Key and loop (magnifying glass)

A Level Biology - 4.1.2 Biodiversity (6 decks)

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