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Maths A Level - Stats > Sampling > Flashcards

Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

what is a population?

A

the whole set of items that are of interest

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2
Q

what is raw data?

A

the information obtained from a population

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3
Q

what is a census?

A

data collected from the entire population

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4
Q

what is a sample?

A

some subset of the population intended to represent it

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5
Q

what is a sampling unit?

A

each individual thing in the population that can be sampled

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6
Q

what is a sampling frame?

A

when sampling units are individually named/numbered to form a list

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7
Q

what are the advantages of a census?

A

it should give completely accurate results

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8
Q

what are the advantages of sampling

A
  1. cheaper
  2. quicker
  3. there is less data to process
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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of a census?

A
  1. it can’t be used when testing involves destruction
  2. time consuming
  3. expensive
  4. there is a large amount of data to process
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10
Q

what are the disadvantages of sampling?

A
  1. may not be as accurate
  2. the sample may not be large enough to represent small subgroups
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11
Q

what are the types of random sampling?

A
  1. simple random sampling
  2. systematic sampling
  3. stratified sampling
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12
Q

how do you conduct simple random sampling?

A
  1. a sampling frame must be created using numbers or names
  2. then a random number generator or lottery sampling should be used to select the things that will be included in the sample
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13
Q

how do you conduct systematic sampling?

A
  1. sampling frame must be created
  2. then the required elements from the sampling frame are chosen at regular intervals until sample is created
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14
Q

how do you determine which item to begin with in systematic sampling?

A

use simple random sampling/ random generator

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15
Q

how do you determine the interval for systematic sampling?

A

divide the population size by the sample size

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16
Q

how do you conduct stratified sampling?

A
  1. strata are created using the population
  2. simple random sampling is used within each stratum to determine which items of each stratum will be used
17
Q

how do you determine how many items from each stratum is included?

A
  1. divide the number of items in the stratum by the number of items in the entire population
  2. then multiply that by the total sample size
18
Q

when is stratified sampling used?

A

when the sample required is large and the population naturally divides into groups

19
Q

what are the advantages of simple random sampling?

A
  1. free from bias
  2. simple
  3. cheap
  4. each item has an equal chance of being selected
20
Q

what are the advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  1. simple
  2. quick
  3. suitable for large samples or populations
21
Q

what are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  1. reflects population structure
  2. guarantees proportional representation of groups within the population
22
Q

what is a stratum?

A

a group within the population

23
Q

what are the disadvantages of simple random sampling?

A
  1. not suitable for large populations
  2. sampling frame is needed
24
Q

what are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  1. sampling frame is needed
  2. can introduce bias if the sampling frame isn’t random
25
Q

what are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  1. the population must be clearly classified into groups
  2. sampling frame is needed within stratums
26
Q

how do you conduct quota sampling?

A
  1. divide population into strata based on their characteristics of interest
  2. determine the amount of people from each strata that will be included in the sample
27
Q

how do you determine the amount of items that will be sampled in quota sampling?

A

people within each group are actively chosen by an interviewer until the quota is filled

28
Q

how do you conduct opportunity sampling?

A

A sample is taken from people who are available at the time of the study, who meet the criteria

29
Q

what are the advantages of quota sampling?

A
  1. it allows small samples to represent the population
  2. no sampling frame is needed
  3. quick
  4. cheap
  5. simple
  6. it allows easy comparisons between different groups in a population
30
Q

what are the advantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  1. simple
  2. cheap
31
Q

what are the disadvantages of quota sampling?

A
  1. can introduce bias
  2. population must be divided into groups which can often be inaccurate
  3. as the population size increases the cost and time also increases
  4. non-responses are not recorded
32
Q

what are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling?

A
  1. unlikely to provide a representative sample
  2. dependent on the individual researcher

Maths A Level - Stats (10 decks)

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