Sample Question Concepts Flashcards
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
was a model law for U.S. states to enable zoning regulations in their jurisdictions. It was drafted by a committee of the Department of Commerce and first issued in 1922. This act was one of the foundational developments in land use planning in the United States.
Linear Programming
Linear programming is a method for determining an optimal solution. This could apply to a number of planning projects, such as a regional agricultural development plan.
Zero Based Budgeting
decision packages that can be independently decided upon for funding purposes.
Step Down
he step-down method applies proportion and uses the population of a larger entity (e.g., a city) to estimate the population of a smaller entity within it (e.g., a neighborhood)
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
is a federal law that prohibits the imposition of burdens on the practice of religion and prohibits churches and other religious institutions from being overly restricted by zoning laws.
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program
The federal government’s Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program encourages the investment of private equity for developing affordable rental housing for low-income and very low-income households. It does this by awarding tax credits to taxpayers who invest in multifamily rental housing that serves these low-income households.
Agins v City of Tiburon (1980)
gins acquired 5 acres of property zoned for one house per acre. The City then announced it intended to acquire the property and filed an eminent domain action, but later decided to abandon the acquisition plan. Instead, the zoning ordinance was amended to allow the construction of one to 5 homes, at the discretion of the city. Agins argued that the construction of one home was economically infeasible and they sued claiming a regulator taking. The court found this case was not ripe because Agins failed to apply for a development permit. That said, the Court held that if a regulation deprives a property of all economically viable use and fails to advance a legitimate governmental interest, it constitutes a taking. NOTE that this case was overruled in the First English Evangelical Lutheran Church case in 1987.
Norman Krumholz
Krumholz work during the 1970s focused on thinking about the disadvantaged in the community first in every planning process.
push analysis
determines the sales capacity of a market area and if the introduction of a new business will generate additional customers
Euclidean buffer
measures the distance in two-dimensional Cartesian plan – that is straight line distances are calculated. This type of buffer works well when working at a city scale.
Construction Industry of Sonoma County v. City of Petaluma
upheld the county’s annual quotas on the number of building permits that would be issued in a year.
The General fertility rate
is the number of live births per 1000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 years.
Charles Lindblom
Lindblom wrote about incrementalism as a step by step incremental approach to achieving plans.
Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act
created the HOME program. The HOME program provides block grants to local governments to increase the supply of affordable housing. The funds can be used to provide down payment assistance, construct or renovate affordable housing, acquire sites for affordable housing development, and support Community Housing Development Organizations in providing affordable housing.
vertical organization
works best where there are large and functionally complex organizations. In this case, there could be divisions based on function with a chain of command leading from the divisions to the director.
Paul Davidoff
advocacy planner
Right to Farm laws
All 50 states have some form of Right to Farm law, which attempts to preserve agricultural practices and make farming more viable. Right to farm laws deny nuisance lawsuits against farmers, even if their agricultural practices harm or bother adjacent property owners. Such nuisances may include noise, odors, and visual clutter. The laws aim to minimize the threat to normal farming practices, in contrast to typical farmland preservation policies which aim to preserve farmland itself.
Wagner-Steagall Act of 1937
created a two-tiered policy of providing mortgage insurance to promote home ownership for the middle class, while creating public housing for the poor. The neighborhood composition rule created a class and race segregation. This means that public housing in white neighborhoods was reserved for white families
Section 701
rovided funding for local comprehensive planning, leading to communities across the country developing comprehensive plans.
Wicked problem
For example, poverty is not the result of a single factor and there is not a simple or easily understood solution.
Homestead Act of 1862
It allowed public lands to be sold for a nominal fee
Lingle v. Chevron
Lingle v. Chevron overturned the “substantial advancement” test established in the Agins (1980) case. In this case, Hawaii enacted a limit on the rent that oil companies could charge dealer service stations. The rent cap was a response to concerns about gas prices. Chevron argued the cap was an unconstitutional taking of its property. The district court held that the cap amounted to an uncompensated taking in violation of the 5th Amendment because it did not substantially advance Hawaii’s public interest in controlling gas prices. The court cited the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Agins v. City of Tiburon (1980), where the Court declared that government regulation of private property is “a taking if it does not substantially advance legitimate state interests.”
