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Phys III Test III > Sample Exam > Flashcards

Sample Exam Flashcards

1
Q

If the rib cage is totally immobile, how is inspiration possible?

A

by diaphragmatic breathing

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2
Q

During expiration, which statement is true?

A

alveolar P > atmospheric P > pleural P

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3
Q

What is best associated with transpulmonary pressure?

A

measure of recoil tendency of the lung

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4
Q

What muscle is active during forced expiration?

A

rectus abdominis–> only extratory muscle, pulls rib cage down

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5
Q

If the visceral pleural erodes andallows a region of the alvelar space to communicate with the pleural space, what would hapeen to the functional residual capacity?

A

decreased

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best describes hysteresis at the onset of inspiration?

A

lung volume changes at aslower rate then the pleural P changes (filling up the lung with saline would diminish these forces)

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7
Q

Which is a function of surfactant?

A

helps stabilize alveolar size, reduces surface tension, offsets collapse pressure as radius decrease

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8
Q

What effect will histamine binding to H1 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle?

A

constrict

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9
Q 
Using helium dilution method, the following data was obtained:
[He]initial= 5ml/L
[He]final= 4ml/L
initial spirometer volume= 10L
TV= 500mL
IRV= 3.0 L
ERV= 1.5L
An adequate number of breaths were completed, and data was collected at the end of normal expiration. What is the total lung capacity?
A

FRC = (hei/ hef - 1 ) Vi
(4/5 - 1)10
(1.25-1)10
.25(10)= 2.5

  1. 5 + inspiratory capacity
  2. 5 + tital volume + IRV
  3. 5 + .5 + 3.0 = 6L

6.0L

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10
Q

Most of recoil tendency of the lung is due to what?

A

surface tension forces

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11
Q

What is a pathophysiologic consequence of hyperventilation?

A

decreased coronary blood flow
decreased stroke volume
repolarization of the heart impaired
skeletal muscle spasm

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12
Q

What is the major effect of sympathetic stimulation on airway smooth muscle?

A

dilate, most of the effect is indirect via blood borne

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13
Q

Why is the left ventricular output slightly higher than the right ventricular output?

A

some bronchial artery blood drains into the pulmonary veins

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14
Q

Which volumes or capacities cannot be determined with basic spirometry?

A

residual volume, functional residual volume

total lung capacity

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15
Q

What local effect will Prostaglandin E series have on airway smooth muscle?

A

dilation

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16
Q

Which of the following has the greatest effect on constriction of pre-capillary resistance vessels in the lung?

A

low alveolar oxygen

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17
Q

Without surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung?

A

decreases

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18
Q

Rank the solubility of the different gases from greatest to least in aqueous fluid?

A

CO2 > O2 > N2

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19
Q

During exercise in an upright position, flow throughout the lung is equal. True or false?

A

False

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20
Q

Which of the following conditions would significantly increase total pulmonic blood volume?

A

mitral valve stenosis

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21
Q

Compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a higher concentration of which of the following?

A

CO2, water vapor

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22
Q

What effect does stimulation of the SNS have on sensitivity of peripheral chemoreceptors to hypoxia?

A

increases

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23
Q

Which of the following statements about carbon monoxide is true?

A

Pco of .6mmHg can be lethal
a partial pressure Pco=.4 can significantly decrease O2 transport
has a much greater affinity for hemoglobin compared to oxygen
the body produces very small quantities with physiologic effects

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24
Q

If the ventilation/perfusion ratio increases above normal, which of the following conditions is true?

A

increase the amount of physiologic dead space

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25
Q

If the ventilation/perfusion ratio decreases below normal, which of the following conditions is true?

A

increase in amount of physiologic shunt blood

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26
Q

What happens to virtually all circulating prostaglandins in the blood as they pass through the pulmonary capillaries?

A

they are inactivated/cleared

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27
Q

What percentage of CO2 in the blood is carried in the form of the bicarbonate ion?

A

70%

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28
Q

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs will have what effect on the dorsal respiratory group?

A

inhibit

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29
Q

Which of the following responses would cause more oxygen to be released from hemoglobin?

A

decrease in local PO2
increase in PCO2
increase in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate

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30
Q

Most of the ventilatory response to a slight increase in CO2 levels is mediated by which of the following?

A

central chemoreceptors in the brain stem 70-80%

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31
Q

The basic ventilatory drive is set by neurons in which of the following areas?

A

dorsal respiratory group

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32
Q

Normal inspiration is usually terminated by which of the following?

A

pneuomotaxic center

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33
Q

What is the most prevalent cause of respiratory depression?

A

narcotics

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34
Q

Which of the following is associated with chronic mountain sickness?

A

increased hematocrit
increased pulmonary arterial BP
enlarged right ventricle

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35
Q

Stimulation of what receptors, would create a feeling of dyspnea?

A

J receptors in the parenchyma

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36
Q

In acute mountain sickness, the subject suffers deterioration of nervous system function primarily due to which of the following?

A

hypoxia

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37
Q

The negative pleural pressure generated to expand the lung and open the alveoli during the first breath is which of the following?

A

-40 to -60 cmH2O

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38
Q

During intermittent flow, which pressure is higher than the other during systole? Diastole?

A

systole: capillary P > alveolar P
diastole: alveolar P > capillary P

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39
Q

Where is capillary pressure the highest?

A

at the base of the lung because of gravity

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40
Q

What is zone 3?

A

continuous flow

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41
Q

What is zone 2?

A

intermittent flow

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42
Q

What is zone 1?

A

no flow

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43
Q

During continuous flow, which pressure is higher?

A

capillary P > alveolar P

44
Q

When is pleural pressure equal to atmospheric pressure?

A

when the lung has collapsed

45
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

the difference between alveolar and pleural pressure

you measure the recoil tendance of the lung

46
Q

When does transpulmonary pressure peak?

A

at the end of inspiration

47
Q

What is normal ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

alveolar ventilation is matched to pulmonary capillary perfusion at a rate of 4L/min of air to 5L/min of blood

48
Q

When would the ventilation-perfusion ratio decrease?

A

when there is decreased ventilation

49
Q

When would the ventilation-perfusion ratio increase?

A

when there is a problem with decreased perfusion of the lungs

50
Q

What does a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio result in?

A

PO2 decreasing to 40mmHg
PCO2 increasing to 45mmHg
increase in physiologic shunt blood

51
Q

What is physiologic shunt blood?

A

blood that is not oxygenated as it passes the lung

52
Q

What does an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio result in?

A

PO2 increases to 45mmHg
PCO2 decreases to 0mmHg
increase of physiologic dead space

53
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

area in lungs where oxygenation is not taking place (this includes non functional alveoli)

54
Q

What keeps the lung from collapsing?

A

negative pleural pressure

55
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

serratus anterior and posterior, scalenes, levator costarum

56
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

abdominals, internal intercostals, posterior and inferior serrratus, transverse thoracis, pyramidal

57
Q

What does the diaphragm do?

A

drops floor of thoracic cage

58
Q

What do all the inspiratory muscles do?

A

lift the rib cage

59
Q

What are the muscles of expiration associated with?

A

recoil of the lungs

60
Q

At the end of normal expiration, what does the volume of the lungs equal?

A

functional residual capacity

61
Q

Why is it easier to fill a lung with saline rather than air?

A

because surface tension forces have been eliminated in the saline filled lung

62
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

acts as a lubricant between pleura

63
Q

What effect will histamine binding to H2 receptors have on the airway smooth muscle?

A

dilation

64
Q

Draw the picture for static lung capacities.

A 
FRC= RV + ERV
IC= TV + IRV
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV
65
Q

What is the total flow of the lungs?

A

pulmonic flow (RV output) + bronchial artery flow

66
Q

Right ventricular output is equal to what?

A

100% cardiac output

67
Q

What local effect will prostaglandin F series have on airway smooth muscle?

A

constriction

68
Q

during inspiration, which of the following statements is true?

A

alveolar pressure pleural pressure

69
Q

If pleural pressure is equal to atmostpheric pressure, what happened?

A

collapsed lung

70
Q

When airflow stops, what happens to the pressures?

A

alveolar pressure = atmospheric pressure

71
Q

Stabilizer of lumbar spine muscle?

A

transverse abdominis

72
Q

Why does hyperventilation cause a decrease in oxy-hemoglobin affinity?

A

when you hyperventilate, you become more alkaline, promoting less released of oxy-hemoglobin

73
Q

Non adrenergic, non cholinergic neurons that stimulate cause what?

A

constriction

74
Q

Non adrenergic, non cholinergic neurons that inhibit cause what?

A

dilation

75
Q

Right ventricular output is equal to what?

A

pulmonary output

76
Q

Anytime cardiac output moves, what else moves?

A

pulmonary blood flow

77
Q

decreased VC =?

A

restriction (inability to expand properly)

78
Q

decrease flow rate (PEF FEV) =?

A

obstruction of airflow (asthma, etc.)

79
Q

autonomic on vascular smooth muscle in the lung is..?

A

minimal

80
Q

Which part of the autonomic system does the lung have?

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

81
Q

With surfactant, as alveolar radius increases, what happens to the collapse tendency of the lung?

A

doesn’t change

82
Q

What is the concentration of gases in the air from greatest to least?

A

N2 > O2 > CO2

83
Q

What is the effect of gravity on flow?

A

there is more flow at the bottom of lung than the top of the lung

84
Q

When bearing down, where would zone 1 be located?

A

near the apex of the lung

85
Q

Which of the following conditions would significantly decrease total pulmonic blood volume?

A

tricuspid valve stenosis

86
Q

What does the patent ductus arteriosis do?

A

moves blood from aorta to pulmonic trunk

87
Q

Small amounts of CO that are produced in the body does what?

A

vasodilates

88
Q

If you hyperventlate, what happens to the dead space?

A

decrease in amount of physiologic dead space

89
Q

What is the normal ventilation/perfusion ratio?

A

.4

90
Q

Compared to atmospheric air, alveolar air has a lower concentration of which of the following?

A

oxygen and nitrogen

91
Q

What has a greater solubility in aqueous fluid, CO2 or CO?

A

CO2

92
Q

How much of CO2 is dissolved in the blood?

A

7%

93
Q

How much of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin?

A

23%

94
Q

Inhibition of stretch receptors in the lungs will have what effect on the dorsal respiratory group?

A

stimulate

95
Q

How do you increase body pH?

A

increased ventilation decreases CO2

96
Q

Increased pH is inhibitory to what?

A

ventilation

97
Q

Increased pH opposes the positive effects of what?

A

hypoxia on peripheral chemoreceptors

98
Q

What is the vapor pressure of water at body temperature?

A

47mmHg

99
Q

increase in pH is inhibitory to ventilation and opposes the positive effects of hypoxia on what chemoreceptors?

A

peripheral

100
Q

Where are the ventral respiratory group of neurons located?

A

located bilaterally in ventral aspect of medulla

101
Q

What can the respiratory group of neurons do?

A

can increase inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscles during increased ventilatory drive

102
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic center located?

A

dorsally in nucleus parabrachialis of upper pons

103
Q

What does the pneumotaxic center do?

A

inhibits the duration of inspiration by turning of DRG ramp signal after start of inspiration

104
Q

Where is the apneustic center located?

A

lower pons

105
Q

What does the apneustic center do/

A

prevents inhibition of DRG under some circumstances

Phys III Test III (1 decks)

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