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Winter Term 2024 > SAM final > Flashcards

SAM final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most common clinical signs indicating nasal cavity disease?

A

nasal discharge
sneezing

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2
Q

What are the differentials for nasal deformity in cats?

A

Carcinoma
lymphoma
Cryptococcus

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3
Q

What are the differentials for nasal deformity in dogs?

A

Carcinomas
Transmissible veneareal tumors
Cryptococcus

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4
Q

Why is CT considered the best imaging modality for evaluating the nasal cavity?

A

allows us to eval:
Cribiform plate integrity
soft tissue
turbinate destruction
etc

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5
Q

What can we use rhinoscopy to evaluate?

A

nasal cavity: helpful id fungal plaques
retropharynx: allows us to biopsy

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6
Q

What are the nasal cavity tumors we see in dogs?

A

carcinomas/ adenocarcinoma
Transmissible venereal tumors

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7
Q

What are the nasal tumors we see in cats

A

lymphoma
carcinoma/ adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

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8
Q

What are the two main catagories of rhinitis in sinusoidal diseases? Which is more common?

A

non-destructive rhinitis is more common than
destructive rhinitis

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9
Q

What are our ddx for non-destructive rhinitis?

A

Lymphocytic plasmacytic rhinitis
Acute feline URT disease
Parasitic rhinitis
Foreign bodies
Oronasal fistula

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10
Q

What are our ddx for destructive rhinitis?

A

feline chronic rhinosinusitis
fungal rhinosinusitis
neoplasia

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11
Q

Signalment for lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis

A

young to middle aged
big or long nosed dogs
doxies, whippets, GSD for ex

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12
Q

What are the CS that lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis patients present with?

A

95% will have nasal discharge
mucoid or mucopurulent
hemorrhagic in few dogs
NO systemic signs
Airflow out of nostrils is preserved

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13
Q

What diagnostics should we consider and what will they reveal?

A

CT: 50% have sinus involvement and may present mild.turbinate destruction
Rhinoscopy: hyperemic friable mucosa + mucous accumulation
Biopsy: lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, mucosal edema

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14
Q

What are some tx options since there is no known best tx for lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

A

immunomodulation: doxycycline, Azithromycin
anti-inflammatories: Piroxicam
glucocorticoids: inhaled or oral
Antihistimines: clemastine or hydroxyzine

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15
Q

What are the organisms that make up the feline respiratory disease complex?

A

feline herp (FHV-1)
Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
chlamydia felis
mycoplasma
bordetella
coronavirus

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16
Q

How is acute Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) transmitted?

A

inhaled or contact

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17
Q

T or F vital infections are always primary in FRDC

A

False, occassionally bacterial infections can be primary
for ex:
Chlamydia felis, mycoplasma felis, mycoplasma gatae, bordetella bronchiseptica

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18
Q

T or F the viral infections in FRDC are usually self limiting

A

true

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19
Q

What are the classical form of Calicivirus CS ?

A

rhinitis
ORAL ULCERS
sneezing
nasal discharge

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20
Q

T or F calicivirus survives in the environement for days to weeks and patients have continuous lifelong shedding

A

true

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21
Q

What are the atypical form of Calicivirus cs?

A

pneumonia
lameness
Systemic calicivirus:
systemic vasculitis
DIC
multiple organ failure
very high mortality

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22
Q

T or false; 60-75% of young cats are carriers of herpesvirus

A

False: 80-90% of young cats are carriers

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23
Q

What are the cs of FHV-1?

A

classic acute: rhinitis and conjunctivitis
corneal ulcers
Acute atypical: pneumonia, dermatophies
Chronic: ceratitis, chronic rhinitis

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24
Q

What are the CS of chlamydia in cats?

A

ocular disease- nasal disease is secondary
mild respiratory signs
chemosis, blepharospasmus

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25
Is rhinitis without conjunctivitis still considered chlamydia?
NO! must have rhinitis and conjunctivitis
26
How can we diagnose Acute FRDC?
clinical presentation PCR: only helpful in herd outbreaks bacterial culture: helpful for bordetella and mycoplasma
27
What antibiotics can be used for tx of secondary infections of Acute FRDC?
doxycycline (works against most common bacteria) Axithromycin and pradofloxacin
28
What are our options for changing local immunity in FRDC?
doixy or azithromycin intranasal vaccine for FHV-1 and FCV (these have cross protection for bordetella) maybe alpha interferon 2b (just keep in mind that no control group was used)
29
What are the benefits of using the topical antiviral medication Cidofovir in FRDC?
use 0.5% cidofovir x 12 hrs to decrease viral shedding and help with clinical improvement
30
What is the benefit of using the systemic antiviral Famciclovir in FRDC?
Famciclovir is safer than Cidofovir and is more effective 31.25 mg every 12 horus for 14 days
31
WHat is Feline URTD conjunctivitis usually caused by?
mycoplasma felis chlamydophilia felis
32
If you suspect chlamydophia felis as the underlying cause of Feline URTD conjunctivitis and begin tx with doxycycline or tetracycline and see no improvement of conjunctivitis but see rhinitis or corneal ulcers, what is the underlying etiology?
FHV-1
33
What etiology do you suspect if you see cs of conjunctivitis and oral ulcers in a cat?
Calicivirus
34
If we prescribe an antiviral to a FHV-1 patient, what must we warn owners about?
that most topical antivirals will lead to local irritations
35
A cat presetns with a chronic respiratory infection. It has purulent or mucopurulent discharge. What are your diagnostic steps?
observation for 10 days no culture because it is impossible to interpret
36
If during the 10 day observation period of a cat with a chronic respiratory infection they develop any of the following: anorexia, fever or lethargy, what are our treatment options?
Doxycycline for 7- 10 days Second choice: Amoxicillin of mycoplasma and C. felis are not likely
37
How many days does a patietn have to exibit clinical signs for them to be considered to have a chronic respiratory bacterial infection? What is your dx plan?
over 10 days look for underlying disease: FB, allergy, fungal infection, cuterebra, cancer If no underlying disease is found: anbx based on C+ S
38
Describe the options for a "therapeutic vaccine" in regards to respiratory viral infections?
Herpes and Calici virus: MLV intranasal vax may help in some cases patients that respond revax in 2-3 years
39
What is the name of the arthropod dipteran parasite that infects cats as they hunt? How do we treat for them?
Cuterebra - large maggots seen in the skin tx: mechanical removal, ivermectin 0.1 mg/kg PO q24 horus x 3 days give prednisolone if p has neuro signs
40
What is the name of the nasal mite than is transmitted dog to dog?
Pneumonoyssoides caninum
41
How do we treat pneumonoyssoides caninum in dogs?
Ivermectin Milbemycin once per week x 3 weeks
42
What is the name of the trichuroid nematode that lives in the nasal epithelium?
Enculeus boehmi (prev known as capillaria boehmi)
43
How do we diagnose and treat Eucoleus boehmi
DX: eggs are seen in feces or nasal wash tx: fenbendazole, ivermectin
44
What pentastomide is acquired from sheep viscera?
Linguatula serrata
45
How do we dx and tx linguatula serrata?
DX: eggs in nasal secretions or rhinoscopy Tx: mechanical removal
46
What type of disease is a oronasal fistula related to?
dental related nasal disease usually affects the canine teeth
47
What is the signalment of a patient with an oronasal fistula
older animals with unilateral mucopurulent discharge
48
How do we dx and tx an oronasal fistula?
DX: periodonal probe, rads, CT TX: teeth removal with all roots , bone curettage may be required anbx for secondary infection: clindamycin (gram +)
49
What are CS of a nasal foreign body?
paroxysmal sneezing or reverse sneezing nasal discharge epistaxis unilateral nasal discharge that is mucopurulent or purulent pawing or rubbing face
50
If you suspect a nasal FB, what should you evaluate in a rhinoscopy
nasal cavity and retropharynx
51
What is the most common cause of destructive rhinitis in cats? What are the common cs?
feline chronic rhinosinusitis bilateral nasal discharge, increased mucus, sneezing majority of cats are asymptomatic
52
What is our DX work up if we suspect a cat with Feline chronic rhinosinusitis?
dx of exclusion r/o cryptococcus with antigen test rhinoscopy and biopsy of the nasal cavity and retropharynx will see turbinate destruction on CT
53
What will histopath of patients with feline chronic rhinosinusitis look like?
lymphopasmacytic inflammation- chronicity (this is common for chronic inflammation anywhere in the body therefore not specific) eopsinophilic infiltrates- associated with herpesvirus
54
What are our tx options for feline chronic rhinosinusitis
anbx for 2ndary infections: doxycycline (start with this) azithromycin Amoxicillin: mycoplasma Clindamycin: bone involvement anti inflammatories: -piroxicam antivirals: famiciclovir: if eosinophilic inflammation/ herpesvirus
54
What are the common species that cause nasal aspirgillosis?
fumigatus- most common niger nidulans flavus
55
What are the forms of nasal aspirgillosis?
nasal form: primary infection in young healthy dogs secondary from penetrating injury or FB systemic form: rare, mostly GSD
55
What is the signalment for nasal aspirgillosis?
young to middle aged dolichocephalic dogs (long nose)
56
What are the cs of nasal aspirgillosis?
chronic nasal discharge- purulent or hemorrhagic, sneezing, neuro signs
57
What are our dx options ofr nasal aspirgillosis
AGID - 30% false negatives Cytology: Nasal discharge - sensitivity < 20%: secondary infections impact the accurancy Endoscopy - sensitivity > 90% Fungal culture - sensitivity 77% Changes in CT Increased opacity in frontal sinus Right turbinates are almost not there and left turbinates are pissed Fungal plaques in rhinoscopy
58
What is considered the best therapy for nasal aspirgillosis?
local installation of clotrimazole 1% or enilconazole 1-5% Topical infusion: Resolution of signs in 1 treatment - 65% 87% with 2 or more treatments Use an infusion catheter to administer the cream directly into the frontal sinus Don’t need any infusion pumps if you are using a cream Recheck in 1 month - retreat if plaques or nasal discharge Before you tx- important to remove as much plaque as possible Clotrimazole cream Longer contact time Potentially better results than the liquid Can be performed by owner at home if you do the the trephination
59
What nasal aspirgillosis patients are not canadities for a trephination?
those with cribiform plate compromise
60
What treatment options do we have in nasal aspirgillosis patients with cribiform plate compromise?
2-6 months of systemic therapy with: ketoconazole; 40% efficiency Fluconazole: 60% efficiency Voriconazole or posaconazole
61
What is cryptococcus neoformans associated with
pigeon shit
62
What is cryptococcus gatti associated with
bard and leaf litter from eucalyptus trees in dogs in OR it is more likely to be crypto than aspirgillosis
63
Before referring a cat with nasal disease + facial deformity what diagnostics should a gp do?
FNA of local lnn and confirm crypto with serology before referral
64
What is the most important nasal disease in young cats?
nasopharyngeal polyps
65
What is the signalment of a nasopharyngeal polyp?
1.5 year old cats maine coones are more prone
66
What are the CS of a cat with nasopharyngeal polyps?
progressive and chronic cs nasal discharge, STERTEROUS BREATHING, sneezing, reverse sneezing
67
A young cat that snores has _______ until proven otherwise
a nasalpharyngeal polyp
68
What are the treatment options for nasopharyngeal polyps?
sx (best approach) or mechanical removal
69
How is a feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma different than a nasal polyp?
polyps start on the auditory tube or the tympanic cavity feline mesenchymal nasal hamartomas arise from native tissue of the nasal cavity
70
What are the cs of a cat with a feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma
progressive stertorous breathing serous nasal discharge and epistaxis if severe cases: sinonasal deformation mass protruding from the nasal cavity
71
What are tx options of a feline mesenchymal nasal hamartoma?
spontaneous regression can occur some may respond to glucocorticoids mechanical removal is tx of choice via endoscopy or sx
72
What are the causes of an aquired nasoparyngeal stenosis
secondary to chronic rhinitis! (most common in cats aspiration rhinitis ( most common in dogs after aspiration during anesthesia! sx, trauma, tumors and polyps
73
T or F, dogs are more likely to have patent morphology of their nasopharyngeal stenosis
False Cats 90% are patent Dogs: 47% are patent
74
What are cs of nasopharyngeal stenosis
sterterous breathing dyspnea oral breathing nasal discharge gagging and repeated swallowing attemps
75
What are our dx options for nasopharyngeal stenosis?
Rhinoscopy or CT
76
How do we manage thin nasopharyngeal stenosis lesions? (under 5mm)
Balloon dilation 30% success in dogs and 50% success in cats after 1 dilation
77
How do we manage thicker lesions or unsuccesful balloon dilation in nasopharyngeal stenosis cases?
Balloon-expandable metallic stent Balloon stent is left in Self-expanding metallic stent Covered metallic stent Removable metallic stent most common now
78
Describe the procedure of balloon dilation in nasopharyngeal stenosis
Wire through the nose into the obstructed area, then pass a progressively larger catheter until you get substantial expansion of the dilation of the balloon Now you can use a removable stent where you can place the widening removal stent and fix it into place so it is no longer removable To do this: Send a needle from soft palate and then place something similar to a plastic price tag holder thing through that opening and tie them together
79
What are causes of stridor
laryngeal paralysis- most important in dogs and cats laryngeal inflammation laryngeal tumors Acromegaly: rare in dogs
80
What are common complaints of owners with dogs that have inflammatory laryngitis
inspiratory difficulty dysphoria (change in voice) difficulty swallowing retching
81
What is crucial to diagnosing inflammatory laryngitis in cats
biopsy it is a result of primary inflammation
82
What are treatment options for inflammatory laryngitis
voice rest cough suppresents tx underlying respiratory or GI problem anti inflammatories sx for mass removal
83
What is often the first sign of a generalized polyneuropathy in a pet and why?
laryngeal paralysis because the recurrent laryngeal nerve is the longest nerve in the body
84
What is laryngeal paralysis
the inability to abduct the arytenoids during inspiration
85
How does laryngeal paralysis result in a stridor?
glottis doesn't open like it should which increases resistance
86
What is the most common cause of laryngeal paralysis
neuropathy or polyneuropathy GOLPP
87
What is GOLPP?
geriatric onset laryngeal paralysis and polyneuropathy systemic signs of muscular weakness most important cs is sridor
88

Winter Term 2024 (1 decks)

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