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IOE Saliva > Saliva and Salivary glands > Flashcards

Saliva and Salivary glands Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

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2
Q

Functions of saliva? (6 answers)

A

Digestive Antibacterial Mineral protection Lubricate Taste Hormone production

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3
Q

Hypotonic or isotonic??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

A

Hypotonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

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4
Q

Serous or mucous??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

A

Serous, Mixed (mainly serous), Mucous

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5
Q

minor glands are essentially 100% ………………….. with one exception.

A

mucous

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6
Q

In the dorsum of the tongue beneath the circumvallate papillae, the …………. are minor serous producing glands

A

glands of Von Ebner

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7
Q

Serous cells produce a ……………..

A

watery protein-rich fluid

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8
Q

mucous cells produce a more viscous……………..

A

mucin-rich product containing proteins linked to a greater amount of carbohydrate

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9
Q

Composition of saliva……………

A

Saliva is over 99% water, yet the very small amount of additional inorganic and organic compounds

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10
Q

Composition of salivary glands………..

A

they are compound, tubulo-acinar structures.

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11
Q

The primary functional units ……………….

A

being a combination of tubules and globe-like secretory units called acini.

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12
Q

composition of salivary glands what does the term compound refer to?

A

a salivary gland is made up of multiple secretory units with their tubules entering a main duct.

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13
Q

What does the duct system do?

A

modifies and transports the saliva to be finally secreted on to a free oral mucosal surface

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14
Q

salivary glands are described as?

A

exocrine

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15
Q

Non spontaneous secretor glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular

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16
Q

Spontaneous secretor glands?

A

Sublingual

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17
Q

Glands where the collecting ducts end in single main duct

A

Parotid, Submandibular

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18
Q

Glands where the collecting ducts end in many main duct

A

Sublingual

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19
Q

Glands that have striated ducts present?

A

Parotid, Submandibular

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20
Q

Sublingual gland and part of the submandibular, the mucous regions of the gland, the acini are more……

A

in the form of tubes rather than spheres

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21
Q

In mucous region of the gland the acini essentially form their own duct system, meaning……..

A

There are no intercalated or striated ducts in the mucus areas of the gland.

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22
Q

A frequent feature of mucous acini is the presence of….

A

a ‘cap’ of serous secreting cells termed a ‘serous demilune

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23
Q

what part of the NS controls salivation?

A

autonomic NS

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24
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

EXOcrine, thus have ducts associated with them

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25
Q

Location of Parotid gland?

A

right in front of the ear behind the mandible

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26
Q

postion of parotid ducts?

A

Through the MASSETER piereces the BUCCINATOR, opens up on the cavity on cheek opposite to U6

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27
Q

Blood supply of parotid

A

Braches of the EXTERNAL carotid artery

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28
Q

Nerve supply of parotid

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

synapses at OTIC GANGLION

post-ganglionic nerve fibres travel via the AURICULO-TEMPORAL NERVE (V3 of trigeminal nerve)

insert into parotid

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29
Q

Does the facial nerve innervate the parotid

A

no simply passes through the protid on its way to facial muscles but does not innervate it

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30
Q

location of submandubular glad

A

under the mandible (one either side)

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31
Q

how many submandibular duct are there

A

One discrete duct

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32
Q

nerve supply of submandibular and sublingual?

draw the pathway?

A

FACIAL nerve (7) branch called CHORDA TYMPANI and branch of LINGUAL nerve (branch of V3) both synapse at the SUB-MANDIBULAR GANGLION the post-synaptic ganglionic fibres insert into submandibular and sublingual glands

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33
Q

Location of sublingual glands

A

under the tongue anterior to sub mandibular duct

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34
Q

what are the glands of von ebner

A

Location of glands in circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tounge

serous secrection

nerve supply: glossopharngeal nerve

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35
Q

what are ‘secretomotor cells’

A

nerve fibers which cause salivary gland secrection

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36
Q

what percentge secrection by the 3 main salivary gland

A

submandibular: 70%

Parotid: 25%

sublingual: 5%

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37
Q

on avergae day how much saliva is secreted

A

1,500 ml/day

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38
Q

Struture of salivary duct

A
  1. secretory epithelial cells arranged into a bundle= acini
  2. acini cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells
  3. the intercalated duct connects the acinus with the striated duct
  4. secondary modification occurs in striated duct
  5. excretory duct=saliva secreted
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39
Q

function of myoepithalial cells

A

contains smooth muscle which contracts= alters the flow rate of saliva

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40
Q

Ionic composition of saliva compared to plasma…………

A

HCO3- and K+ HIGHER in saliva than plasma NA+ and CL- LOWER in slaiva than plasma

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41
Q

Saliva is intilly …….. , as its composition changes, it becomes,………

A

intially isotonic- primary secretion

hypotonic- secondary secrection. more ions less water

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42
Q

NA entry and exit in salivary ducts……

A

NA enters across apical membrne via:

  • ENac Na+ transporter
  • Na-H exchange

NA exists across the basolateral membrane via:

Na-K pump

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43
Q

Cl- entry and exit in salivary ducts……..

A

CL- enters across apical membrne via:

Cl-HCO3 exchanger

more Cl exists across basolaterl membrane into intersitil fluid via: -Cl- ioin channels

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44
Q

HCO3 entry and exist?

A

enters on basolateral side dont know how

exits on apical membrane of cell via: CL-HCO3 exchanger

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45
Q

K+ entry/ exit

A

enters on basolateral side via:

Na-K pump

Exists on apical membrane side via K-H exchanger

46
Q

the final composition of saliva is DEPENDANT onSALIVA FLOW RATE why??

A

more time for secondary ductal modification

47
Q

Which Ion secrection is NOT dependent on saliva flow rate

A

Bicarbonate- it is strongly influenced by STIMULI causing the increased flow rate of saliva thus even at high flow rates, the HCO3 concentration is always high due to it function as a buffer to protect in acidic enviroment

48
Q

Ehat is the evidence for 2 stage hypothesis

A
  1. mapping flow rate curve
  2. acinar/intercalated duct micropuncter
  3. poly-lysine injection- poison duct, there is no secondary re-absorbtion process
49
Q

Saliva is dependent on the autonomanic NS. the composition is different is stimulation is via parasympathetic NS how??

A

para:watery saliva with MORE volume

Symp: rich in enzymes, but SMALLER volume

50
Q

where in the brain is the salivary centre

A

Hypothalamus- responds to taste, smell, chewing, tactile

also have the higher centre which respond to dehydration, fear, mental effort = dry mouth (neagtive effect) and condition reflex e.g pavlovs dog (positive effect)

51
Q

Hormones also control saliva secrection, which hormone?

A

aldosterone

52
Q

what ion in saliva does aldosterone affect?

A

NA+

high aldosterone= low salivary na+

low aldosterone (addinson disease) = high salivary na+

53
Q

name all the organic components of saliva?

A

lg

Statherin

PRPs

Histatin

Lactoferrin

cystatin

mylase

lysosyme

peroxidase

54
Q

Carbohydrates attached via N-type linkages are usually …………………., containing more than one carbohydrate residue. Although the ultimate number and types of carbohydrates vary

they all share a common core structure which is

further sugars are added to this common core such as

A

oligosaccharides

3 mannose

2 N-acetly-glucosamine

sialic acid, galactose

55
Q

sialic acid is commonly found in the oligosaccharide component of salivary mucins. what is another word for sialic acid?

A

n-acetlyneruaminate

56
Q

Salivary mucins are ………….. ……………containing more than 40% (sometimes as much as 80%) carbohydrate on a weight basis. Mucins are important …………in the mouth, protecting both hard and soft tissue surfaces from damage,

percentage of mucins in salivary

Name the two type of attchement found

most common

A

glycosylated proteins / lubricate

20%

O and N linkage

O

57
Q

salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG1?

A
  1. 1MDA
  2. made of many mucin monomers joined by s-s bonds, oligometric structure
  3. mixture of 3 gene products
  4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
  5. can complex with other proteins( amylase, histatin, PRPs, histatins, antimicrobial peptides)
58
Q

Muncins are glycoproteins that can have an o/n - linked sugars attched to them during post-translation modification

what is the difference between o/n - linkeds sugars

A

o- linked suagrs are added to serine or threonine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain

N -linked sugars are added to the amide nitrogen of the side chain of asparagine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain

59
Q

salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG2?

A
  1. only 250 kDa
  2. one monomer
  3. 1 gene product
  4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
  5. binds to candida albicans and steptoccoci and other perio pathogens
60
Q

Functions of Mucins

A

lubrication

physical barrier againsit colonisation: they can form a permeable diffusion barrier between oral and external enviroment

MG2 can kill oral bacteria and candida alnicans

role in regulating other proteins

bind tooth and soft tissue surfaces… may play a role in directing bacterial colonisation to these surfaces

61
Q

What is the typical PH in adults

A

neatural pH 7

  • more alkaline in babies
  • depend on flow rate
62
Q

at what pH does HAP dissolve/ de mineralisation (stephen curve)

A

below pH 5.5- critical pH

63
Q

why does pH fall after eating a meal?

A

fermentation of carboyhates by plaque micro-organism produces ORGANIC acids

64
Q

how is pH restored back to neatiiral so the HAP can re-mineralise

A

salivery buffer properties

65
Q

how long does it take for pH to be restore back to normal?

A

20-49minutes?

66
Q

the effect of surcrose on plaque was shown via…

A

telomeric data from lmfeldt

67
Q

what are the key findings from lmfeldt and co.data

A
  1. the grter the amount of surcrose given the lower the resulting plaque
  2. the longer the acidic pH, the more HAP will dissolve
  3. as saliva flow rate increase= the buffering capacity also increase
68
Q

list all the inorganic componenets of saliva?

A

H+ ions

Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) ions

Na+ ions

K+ ions

MG2+ ions

Ca2+ ions

Phosphate ions

Fluoride Fl- ions

69
Q

what is the impotance of bicarbonate ions and why are they able to perform this function?

A
  1. important buffer system of saliva
  2. pKA= 6.1 therefore at pH 6.1 the concentration of H2CO3 is equal to HCO3 (carbonic acid=Bicarbonate ion)
70
Q

cocnentration of bicarbonate in stimulated and unstimulated saliva

A

60mM= stimulated saliva

1mM= unstimulated saliva

71
Q

Carbonic anhydrase is a

function of carbonic anyhdrase in salivary glands

where is it found

A

enzyme

generates carbonic acid… therefore bicarbonate

carbonic anhydrase found in salivary pellicle

72
Q

what is the concentration of carbonic acid in plasma

A

stable at 1.3 mM equilibrium with the alveolar carbon dioxide concentration

73
Q

sodium is the counter ion for

A

bicarbonate

74
Q

potassium is the counter ion for

A

phosphate

75
Q

function of both sodium and potassium

A

to preserve the electrical neutrality

76
Q

salivary sodium concentration in stimulated and un sitmulated saliva

A

increases when saliva flow rate increses

stimulated: 30 mM
unstimulated: 6mM

77
Q

salivary potassium concentration in sitmulated and unstimulated saliva

A

remains constant as salivia flow rate increase

stimulated/unstimulated: 14-32 mM

78
Q

why does salivary potassium concentration remain constant?

A

potassium is added to ductal fluid throughout their passage through the duct

79
Q

salivary magnesium concentrations in stimulated and unstimulated salivia

A

Decrease already low at unstimulaated: 0.4mM

stimulated: 0.2mM

dilution effect

80
Q

origin of mg2+ ions in saliva

A

not identiified

  • cellular degradtion within oral cavity
  • from the dissolution of mineral
81
Q

salivary Calcium

in simulated and unstimulated saliva

A

calcium can exist in pure form/complexed to proteins/other ions

pure ca2+ in unstimulated saliva: 1-2nM

genrally remains contant in simulated saliva as well

82
Q

Which gland have high Ca2+ and which one has low?

A

submandibular high ca2+

parotid low ca2+

83
Q

what is the fuction of ca2+ in saliva

A

maintaining HAP re-mineralising it and preventing dissolution

84
Q

what is the function of phosphates in saliva

A
  • buffer especially in UNSTIMULATED saliva
  • repaire HAP and inhibit dissolution (alongside ca2+)
85
Q

concentrtion of phospates depending on flow rate?

A

varies from 2-13mM depending on flow rate INORGANIC orthophosphate concentration DECREASES with salivary flow rate

86
Q

why does inorganic othophosphates concetration decrease with incres salivia flow rate

A

phosphate is added actively as it passes through the ducts- if fast moving daliva less time to add phosphate

87
Q

HAP will spontaneously ……….. out of solution when its ….. product is ………

A

precipitate

solubility

exceeded

govered by the concentration of it constituent ions in solution (ca2+, phospate and hydroxly ions)

88
Q

so at low concentrtions of ca/phosphate, HAP will spontaneously

A

dissolve

89
Q

so at normal levels of ca/phospahte, HAP will spontaneously

A

re-precipitate

90
Q

saliva is superstaurated with respect to HAP at neutral pH. what does super saturated mean?

A

saliva contains OVER teh threshold/sufficient ions of a given salt for its spontaneous precipitation to occur

91
Q

why does pH have such a profound effect on the soluility product of HAP

A

the protonation of the phospate group in pH dependant

92
Q

symbol for orthophospate

A

PO43-

93
Q

in acidic conditions the phophate group will be…

A

increasing protonated - H3PO4

and vice versa

94
Q

fluoride ion concentration in saliva is….

A

0.001-0.005 mM varies very little with flow of saliva

95
Q

the fluoride ion concentration is hgiher in plaque than in saliva. how does fluoride affect HAP

A

replaces the OH in HAP to make a more stables mineral that is less soluable in acid, promots the rapir of HAP mineral

96
Q

example of a weak acid

A

acetic acid

97
Q

Ka =

A

h+ x conjugate base/weak acid

it tells us the degree of dissociation to determin if weak or strong acid

98
Q

pH=

A
  • log (H+)
99
Q

pKa=

A

-log (Ka)

100
Q

henderson- hassebalch equation

A

pH = pKa +log (conjugate base conc. /acid conc.)

101
Q

define buffer

A

molecules that resist pH changes by the small addition of acs or base to a system

usually mixture of weak acid/ its conjugate base or weak base and conjuate acid

102
Q

midpoint of titration tells us

A

where the buffer system buffers- can extend 1pH unit either side of the pKa value

103
Q

titration

What is the midpoint

A

point where pH = pKa

104
Q

when the conjugate base concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering

A

added acid

105
Q

when the acid concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering….

A

added bases

106
Q

how is INTRA-cellular pH maintained at 7.4

A

phosohate and histiidine side chain or proteins

107
Q

how is EXTRA-cellular pH maintain at 7.4

A

the bicarbonate buffer system

108
Q

name the 3 buffering systems in saliva

A
  1. bicarbonate- most important in stimulated saliva
  2. phopsphate
  3. proteins- histidine chains
109
Q

In salivary mucins

Carbohydrates are added to proteins by………….attachment to the ……………chains.

A

convalent /amino acid side

110
Q

O-linked sugars are added to ……………… ………….(THR) amino acid residues within the mucin polypeptide chain via their side chains, which both terminate with an hydroxyl group. A ……………….of O-linkage results.

N-linked sugars are attached to the ……….. ………..of the side chain of asparagine (ASN) residues within the polypeptide chain.

A

serine (SER) or threonine

glycosidic-type

amide nitrogen

111
Q

Basic mucin monomer

capable of forming…

hese monomeric structures can be linked together, in a

to form

A

1 carboxyl and amino terminal that are rich in CYSTEINE residues

capable of forming covalent cross links through their sulphydryl (-SH) side chains.

linear fashion,

mucin oligomers

IOE Saliva (2 decks)

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