Saliva and Salivary glands Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 major salivary glands?
A
Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual
2
Q
Functions of saliva? (6 answers)
A
Digestive Antibacterial Mineral protection Lubricate Taste Hormone production
3
Q
Hypotonic or isotonic??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual
A
Hypotonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
4
Q
Serous or mucous??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual
A
Serous, Mixed (mainly serous), Mucous
5
Q
minor glands are essentially 100% ………………….. with one exception.
A
mucous
6
Q
In the dorsum of the tongue beneath the circumvallate papillae, the …………. are minor serous producing glands
A
glands of Von Ebner
7
Q
Serous cells produce a ……………..
A
watery protein-rich fluid
8
Q
mucous cells produce a more viscous……………..
A
mucin-rich product containing proteins linked to a greater amount of carbohydrate
9
Q
Composition of saliva……………
A
Saliva is over 99% water, yet the very small amount of additional inorganic and organic compounds
10
Q
Composition of salivary glands………..
A
they are compound, tubulo-acinar structures.
11
Q
The primary functional units ……………….
A
being a combination of tubules and globe-like secretory units called acini.
12
Q
composition of salivary glands what does the term compound refer to?
A
a salivary gland is made up of multiple secretory units with their tubules entering a main duct.
13
Q
What does the duct system do?
A
modifies and transports the saliva to be finally secreted on to a free oral mucosal surface
14
Q
salivary glands are described as?
A
exocrine
15
Q
Non spontaneous secretor glands?
A
Parotid, Submandibular
16
Q
Spontaneous secretor glands?
A
Sublingual
17
Q
Glands where the collecting ducts end in single main duct
A
Parotid, Submandibular
18
Q
Glands where the collecting ducts end in many main duct
A
Sublingual
19
Q
Glands that have striated ducts present?
A
Parotid, Submandibular
20
Q
Sublingual gland and part of the submandibular, the mucous regions of the gland, the acini are more……
A
in the form of tubes rather than spheres
21
Q
In mucous region of the gland the acini essentially form their own duct system, meaning……..
A
There are no intercalated or striated ducts in the mucus areas of the gland.
22
Q
A frequent feature of mucous acini is the presence of….
A
a ‘cap’ of serous secreting cells termed a ‘serous demilune
23
Q
what part of the NS controls salivation?
A
autonomic NS
24
Q
Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?
A
EXOcrine, thus have ducts associated with them
25
Location of Parotid gland?
right in front of the ear behind the mandible
26
postion of parotid ducts?
Through the MASSETER piereces the BUCCINATOR, opens up on the cavity on cheek opposite to U6
27
Blood supply of parotid
Braches of the EXTERNAL carotid artery
28
Nerve supply of parotid
glossopharyngeal nerve (9)
synapses at OTIC GANGLION
post-ganglionic nerve fibres travel via the AURICULO-TEMPORAL NERVE (V3 of trigeminal nerve)
insert into parotid
29
Does the facial nerve innervate the parotid
no simply passes through the protid on its way to facial muscles but does not innervate it
30
location of submandubular glad
under the mandible (one either side)
31
how many submandibular duct are there
One discrete duct
32
nerve supply of submandibular and sublingual?
draw the pathway?
FACIAL nerve (7) branch called CHORDA TYMPANI and branch of LINGUAL nerve (branch of V3) both synapse at the SUB-MANDIBULAR GANGLION the post-synaptic ganglionic fibres insert into submandibular and sublingual glands
33
Location of sublingual glands
under the tongue anterior to sub mandibular duct
34
what are the glands of von ebner
Location of glands in circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tounge
serous secrection
nerve supply: glossopharngeal nerve
35
what are 'secretomotor cells'
nerve fibers which cause salivary gland secrection
36
what percentge secrection by the 3 main salivary gland
submandibular: 70%
Parotid: 25%
sublingual: 5%
37
on avergae day how much saliva is secreted
1,500 ml/day
38
Struture of salivary duct
1. secretory epithelial cells arranged into a bundle= acini
2. acini cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells
3. the intercalated duct connects the acinus with the striated duct
4. secondary modification occurs in striated duct
5. excretory duct=saliva secreted
39
function of myoepithalial cells
contains smooth muscle which contracts= alters the flow rate of saliva
40
Ionic composition of saliva compared to plasma............
HCO3- and K+ HIGHER in saliva than plasma NA+ and CL- LOWER in slaiva than plasma
41
Saliva is intilly ........ , as its composition changes, it becomes,.........
intially isotonic- primary secretion
hypotonic- secondary secrection. more ions less water
42
NA entry and exit in salivary ducts......
NA enters across apical membrne via:
- ENac Na+ transporter
- Na-H exchange
NA exists across the basolateral membrane via:
Na-K pump
43
Cl- entry and exit in salivary ducts........
CL- enters across apical membrne via:
Cl-HCO3 exchanger
more Cl exists across basolaterl membrane into intersitil fluid via: -Cl- ioin channels
44
HCO3 entry and exist?
enters on basolateral side dont know how
exits on apical membrane of cell via: CL-HCO3 exchanger
45
K+ entry/ exit
enters on basolateral side via:
Na-K pump
Exists on apical membrane side via K-H exchanger
46
the final composition of saliva is DEPENDANT onSALIVA FLOW RATE why??
more time for secondary ductal modification
47
Which Ion secrection is NOT dependent on saliva flow rate
Bicarbonate- it is strongly influenced by STIMULI causing the increased flow rate of saliva thus even at high flow rates, the HCO3 concentration is always high due to it function as a buffer to protect in acidic enviroment
48
Ehat is the evidence for 2 stage hypothesis
1. mapping flow rate curve
2. acinar/intercalated duct micropuncter
3. poly-lysine injection- poison duct, there is no secondary re-absorbtion process
49
Saliva is dependent on the autonomanic NS. the composition is different is stimulation is via parasympathetic NS how??
para:watery saliva with MORE volume
Symp: rich in enzymes, but SMALLER volume
50
where in the brain is the salivary centre
Hypothalamus- responds to taste, smell, chewing, tactile
also have the higher centre which respond to dehydration, fear, mental effort = dry mouth (neagtive effect) and condition reflex e.g pavlovs dog (positive effect)
51
Hormones also control saliva secrection, which hormone?
aldosterone
52
what ion in saliva does aldosterone affect?
NA+
high aldosterone= low salivary na+
low aldosterone (addinson disease) = high salivary na+
53
name all the organic components of saliva?
lg
Statherin
PRPs
Histatin
Lactoferrin
cystatin
mylase
lysosyme
peroxidase
54
Carbohydrates attached via N-type linkages are usually ......................, containing more than one carbohydrate residue. Although the ultimate number and types of carbohydrates vary
they all share a common core structure which is
further sugars are added to this common core such as
oligosaccharides
3 mannose
2 N-acetly-glucosamine
sialic acid, galactose
55
sialic acid is commonly found in the oligosaccharide component of salivary mucins. what is another word for sialic acid?
n-acetlyneruaminate
56
Salivary mucins are .............. ...............containing more than 40% (sometimes as much as 80%) carbohydrate on a weight basis. Mucins are important ............in the mouth, protecting both hard and soft tissue surfaces from damage,
percentage of mucins in salivary
Name the two type of attchement found
most common
glycosylated proteins / lubricate
20%
O and N linkage
O
57
salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG1?
1. 1MDA
2. made of many mucin monomers joined by s-s bonds, oligometric structure
3. mixture of 3 gene products
4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
5. can complex with other proteins( amylase, histatin, PRPs, histatins, antimicrobial peptides)
58
Muncins are glycoproteins that can have an o/n - linked sugars attched to them during post-translation modification
what is the difference between o/n - linkeds sugars
o- linked suagrs are added to serine or threonine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain
N -linked sugars are added to the amide nitrogen of the side chain of asparagine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain
59
salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG2?
1. only 250 kDa
2. one monomer
3. 1 gene product
4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
5. binds to candida albicans and steptoccoci and other perio pathogens
60
Functions of Mucins
lubrication
physical barrier againsit colonisation: they can form a permeable diffusion barrier between oral and external enviroment
MG2 can kill oral bacteria and candida alnicans
role in regulating other proteins
bind tooth and soft tissue surfaces... may play a role in directing bacterial colonisation to these surfaces
61
What is the typical PH in adults
neatural pH 7
- more alkaline in babies
- depend on flow rate
62
at what pH does HAP dissolve/ de mineralisation (stephen curve)
below pH 5.5- critical pH
63
why does pH fall after eating a meal?
fermentation of carboyhates by plaque micro-organism produces ORGANIC acids
64
how is pH restored back to neatiiral so the HAP can re-mineralise
salivery buffer properties
65
how long does it take for pH to be restore back to normal?
20-49minutes?
66
the effect of surcrose on plaque was shown via...
telomeric data from lmfeldt
67
what are the key findings from lmfeldt and co.data
1. the grter the amount of surcrose given the lower the resulting plaque
2. the longer the acidic pH, the more HAP will dissolve
3. as saliva flow rate increase= the buffering capacity also increase
68
list all the inorganic componenets of saliva?
H+ ions
Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) ions
Na+ ions
K+ ions
MG2+ ions
Ca2+ ions
Phosphate ions
Fluoride Fl- ions
69
what is the impotance of bicarbonate ions and why are they able to perform this function?
1. important buffer system of saliva
2. pKA= 6.1 therefore at pH 6.1 the concentration of H2CO3 is equal to HCO3 (carbonic acid=Bicarbonate ion)
70
cocnentration of bicarbonate in stimulated and unstimulated saliva
60mM= stimulated saliva
1mM= unstimulated saliva
71
Carbonic anhydrase is a
function of carbonic anyhdrase in salivary glands
where is it found
enzyme
generates carbonic acid... therefore bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase found in salivary pellicle
72
what is the concentration of carbonic acid in plasma
stable at 1.3 mM equilibrium with the alveolar carbon dioxide concentration
73
sodium is the counter ion for
bicarbonate
74
potassium is the counter ion for
phosphate
75
function of both sodium and potassium
to preserve the electrical neutrality
76
salivary sodium concentration in stimulated and un sitmulated saliva
increases when saliva flow rate increses
stimulated: 30 mM
unstimulated: 6mM
77
salivary potassium concentration in sitmulated and unstimulated saliva
remains constant as salivia flow rate increase
stimulated/unstimulated: 14-32 mM
78
why does salivary potassium concentration remain constant?
potassium is added to ductal fluid throughout their passage through the duct
79
salivary magnesium concentrations in stimulated and unstimulated salivia
Decrease already low at unstimulaated: 0.4mM
stimulated: 0.2mM
dilution effect
80
origin of mg2+ ions in saliva
not identiified
- cellular degradtion within oral cavity
- from the dissolution of mineral
81
salivary Calcium
in simulated and unstimulated saliva
calcium can exist in pure form/complexed to proteins/other ions
pure ca2+ in unstimulated saliva: 1-2nM
genrally remains contant in simulated saliva as well
82
Which gland have high Ca2+ and which one has low?
submandibular high ca2+
parotid low ca2+
83
what is the fuction of ca2+ in saliva
maintaining HAP re-mineralising it and preventing dissolution
84
what is the function of phosphates in saliva
- buffer especially in UNSTIMULATED saliva
- repaire HAP and inhibit dissolution (alongside ca2+)
85
concentrtion of phospates depending on flow rate?
varies from 2-13mM depending on flow rate INORGANIC orthophosphate concentration DECREASES with salivary flow rate
86
why does inorganic othophosphates concetration decrease with incres salivia flow rate
phosphate is added actively as it passes through the ducts- if fast moving daliva less time to add phosphate
87
HAP will spontaneously ........... out of solution when its ..... product is .........
precipitate
solubility
exceeded
govered by the concentration of it constituent ions in solution (ca2+, phospate and hydroxly ions)
88
so at low concentrtions of ca/phosphate, HAP will spontaneously
dissolve
89
so at normal levels of ca/phospahte, HAP will spontaneously
re-precipitate
90
saliva is superstaurated with respect to HAP at neutral pH. what does super saturated mean?
saliva contains OVER teh threshold/sufficient ions of a given salt for its spontaneous precipitation to occur
91
why does pH have such a profound effect on the soluility product of HAP
the protonation of the phospate group in pH dependant
92
symbol for orthophospate
PO43-
93
in acidic conditions the phophate group will be...
increasing protonated - H3PO4
and vice versa
94
fluoride ion concentration in saliva is....
0.001-0.005 mM varies very little with flow of saliva
95
the fluoride ion concentration is hgiher in plaque than in saliva. how does fluoride affect HAP
replaces the OH in HAP to make a more stables mineral that is less soluable in acid, promots the rapir of HAP mineral
96
example of a weak acid
acetic acid
97
Ka =
h+ x conjugate base/weak acid
it tells us the degree of dissociation to determin if weak or strong acid
98
pH=
- log (H+)
99
pKa=
-log (Ka)
100
henderson- hassebalch equation
pH = pKa +log (conjugate base conc. /acid conc.)
101
define buffer
molecules that resist pH changes by the small addition of acs or base to a system
usually mixture of weak acid/ its conjugate base or weak base and conjuate acid
102
midpoint of titration tells us
where the buffer system buffers- can extend 1pH unit either side of the pKa value
103
titration
What is the midpoint
point where pH = pKa
104
when the conjugate base concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering
added acid
105
when the acid concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering....
added bases
106
how is INTRA-cellular pH maintained at 7.4
phosohate and histiidine side chain or proteins
107
how is EXTRA-cellular pH maintain at 7.4
the bicarbonate buffer system
108
name the 3 buffering systems in saliva
1. bicarbonate- most important in stimulated saliva
2. phopsphate
3. proteins- histidine chains
109
In salivary mucins
Carbohydrates are added to proteins by.............attachment to the ...............chains.
convalent /amino acid side
110
O-linked sugars are added to .................. .............(THR) amino acid residues within the mucin polypeptide chain via their side chains, which both terminate with an hydroxyl group. A ...................of O-linkage results.
N-linked sugars are attached to the ........... ...........of the side chain of asparagine (ASN) residues within the polypeptide chain.
serine (SER) or threonine
glycosidic-type
amide nitrogen
111
Basic mucin monomer
capable of forming...
hese monomeric structures can be linked together, in a
to form
1 carboxyl and amino terminal that are rich in CYSTEINE residues
capable of forming covalent cross links through their sulphydryl (-SH) side chains.
linear fashion,
mucin oligomers
