Saliva and Salivary glands Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of saliva? (6 answers)

A

Digestive Antibacterial Mineral protection Lubricate Taste Hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hypotonic or isotonic??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

A

Hypotonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serous or mucous??? Parotid, Submandibular, sublingual

A

Serous, Mixed (mainly serous), Mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

minor glands are essentially 100% ………………….. with one exception.

A

mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the dorsum of the tongue beneath the circumvallate papillae, the …………. are minor serous producing glands

A

glands of Von Ebner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Serous cells produce a ……………..

A

watery protein-rich fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mucous cells produce a more viscous……………..

A

mucin-rich product containing proteins linked to a greater amount of carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Composition of saliva……………

A

Saliva is over 99% water, yet the very small amount of additional inorganic and organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Composition of salivary glands………..

A

they are compound, tubulo-acinar structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The primary functional units ……………….

A

being a combination of tubules and globe-like secretory units called acini.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

composition of salivary glands what does the term compound refer to?

A

a salivary gland is made up of multiple secretory units with their tubules entering a main duct.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the duct system do?

A

modifies and transports the saliva to be finally secreted on to a free oral mucosal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

salivary glands are described as?

A

exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non spontaneous secretor glands?

A

Parotid, Submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spontaneous secretor glands?

A

Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Glands where the collecting ducts end in single main duct

A

Parotid, Submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glands where the collecting ducts end in many main duct

A

Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Glands that have striated ducts present?

A

Parotid, Submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sublingual gland and part of the submandibular, the mucous regions of the gland, the acini are more……

A

in the form of tubes rather than spheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In mucous region of the gland the acini essentially form their own duct system, meaning……..

A

There are no intercalated or striated ducts in the mucus areas of the gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A frequent feature of mucous acini is the presence of….

A

a ‘cap’ of serous secreting cells termed a ‘serous demilune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what part of the NS controls salivation?

A

autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

A

EXOcrine, thus have ducts associated with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Location of Parotid gland?

A

right in front of the ear behind the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

postion of parotid ducts?

A

Through the MASSETER piereces the BUCCINATOR, opens up on the cavity on cheek opposite to U6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Blood supply of parotid

A

Braches of the EXTERNAL carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nerve supply of parotid

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (9)

synapses at OTIC GANGLION

post-ganglionic nerve fibres travel via the AURICULO-TEMPORAL NERVE (V3 of trigeminal nerve)

insert into parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Does the facial nerve innervate the parotid

A

no simply passes through the protid on its way to facial muscles but does not innervate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

location of submandubular glad

A

under the mandible (one either side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how many submandibular duct are there

A

One discrete duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nerve supply of submandibular and sublingual?

draw the pathway?

A

FACIAL nerve (7) branch called CHORDA TYMPANI and branch of LINGUAL nerve (branch of V3) both synapse at the SUB-MANDIBULAR GANGLION the post-synaptic ganglionic fibres insert into submandibular and sublingual glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Location of sublingual glands

A

under the tongue anterior to sub mandibular duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the glands of von ebner

A

Location of glands in circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tounge

serous secrection

nerve supply: glossopharngeal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are ‘secretomotor cells’

A

nerve fibers which cause salivary gland secrection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what percentge secrection by the 3 main salivary gland

A

submandibular: 70%

Parotid: 25%

sublingual: 5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

on avergae day how much saliva is secreted

A

1,500 ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Struture of salivary duct

A
  1. secretory epithelial cells arranged into a bundle= acini
  2. acini cells surrounded by myoepithelial cells
  3. the intercalated duct connects the acinus with the striated duct
  4. secondary modification occurs in striated duct
  5. excretory duct=saliva secreted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of myoepithalial cells

A

contains smooth muscle which contracts= alters the flow rate of saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ionic composition of saliva compared to plasma…………

A

HCO3- and K+ HIGHER in saliva than plasma NA+ and CL- LOWER in slaiva than plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Saliva is intilly …….. , as its composition changes, it becomes,………

A

intially isotonic- primary secretion

hypotonic- secondary secrection. more ions less water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

NA entry and exit in salivary ducts……

A

NA enters across apical membrne via:

  • ENac Na+ transporter
  • Na-H exchange

NA exists across the basolateral membrane via:

Na-K pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cl- entry and exit in salivary ducts……..

A

CL- enters across apical membrne via:

Cl-HCO3 exchanger

more Cl exists across basolaterl membrane into intersitil fluid via: -Cl- ioin channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

HCO3 entry and exist?

A

enters on basolateral side dont know how

exits on apical membrane of cell via: CL-HCO3 exchanger

46
Q

K+ entry/ exit

A

enters on basolateral side via:

Na-K pump

Exists on apical membrane side via K-H exchanger

47
Q

the final composition of saliva is DEPENDANT onSALIVA FLOW RATE why??

A

more time for secondary ductal modification

48
Q

Which Ion secrection is NOT dependent on saliva flow rate

A

Bicarbonate- it is strongly influenced by STIMULI causing the increased flow rate of saliva thus even at high flow rates, the HCO3 concentration is always high due to it function as a buffer to protect in acidic enviroment

49
Q

Ehat is the evidence for 2 stage hypothesis

A
  1. mapping flow rate curve
  2. acinar/intercalated duct micropuncter
  3. poly-lysine injection- poison duct, there is no secondary re-absorbtion process
50
Q

Saliva is dependent on the autonomanic NS. the composition is different is stimulation is via parasympathetic NS how??

A

para:watery saliva with MORE volume

Symp: rich in enzymes, but SMALLER volume

51
Q

where in the brain is the salivary centre

A

Hypothalamus- responds to taste, smell, chewing

also have the higher centre which respond to dehydration, fear, mental effort = dry mouth

52
Q

Hormones lso control saliva secrection, which hormone?

A

aldosterone

53
Q

what ion in saliva does aldosterone affect?

A

NA+

high aldosterone= low salivary na+

low aldosterone (addinson disease) = high salivary na+

54
Q

name all the organic components of saliva?

A

lg

Statherin

PRPs

Histatin

Lactoferrin

cystatin

mylase

lysosyme

peroxidase

55
Q

core structure of N-linked sugars

A

3 mannose

2 N-acetly-glucosamine asparagine

further sugars are added to this common core such as sialic acid, galactose

56
Q

sialic acid is commonly found in the oligosaccharide component of salivary mucins. what is another word for sialic acid?

A

n-acetlyneruaminate

57
Q

what is the generic srudture of a mucin monomer

A
  1. 1 carboxyl and amino terminal that are rich in CYSTEINE residues
  2. a repeat structure of 10-80 aa that is high in serine/threonine= saturted with O-linked oligosaccharides
58
Q

salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG1?

A
  1. 1MDA
  2. made of many mucin monomers joined by s-s bonds
  3. mixture of 3 gene products
  4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
  5. can complex with other proteins( amylase, histatin, PRPs)
59
Q

Muncins are glycoproteins that can have an o/n - linked sugars attched to them during post-translation modification

what is the difference between o/n - linkeds sugars

A

o- linked suagrs are added to serine or threonine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain

N -linked sugars are added to the amide nitrogen of the side chain of asparagine residues within the mucin polypeptide chain

60
Q

salivary secrection contain 2 distinct mucins- MG1 and MG2. decribe features of MG2?

A
  1. only 250 kDa
  2. one monomer
  3. 1 gene product
  4. produced in different amounts by different salivary glands
  5. binds to candida albicans and steptoccoci and other perio pathogens
61
Q

Functions of Mucins

A

lubrication

physical barrier againsit colonisation: they can form a permeable diffusion barrier between oral and external enviroment

MG2 can kill oral bacteria and candida alnicans

bind tooth and soft tissue surfaces… may play a role in directingg bacterial colonisation to these surfaces

62
Q

What is the typical PH in adults

A

neatural pH 7

  • more alkaline in babies
  • depend on flow rate
63
Q

at what pH does HAP dissolve/ de mineralisation (stephen curve)

A

below pH 5.5- critical pH

64
Q

why does pH fall after eating a meal?

A

fermentation of carboyhates by plaque micro-organism produces ORGANIC acids

65
Q

how is pH restored back to neatiiral so the HAP can re-mineralise

A

salivery buffer properties

66
Q

how long does it take for pH to be restore back to normal?

A

20-49minutes?

67
Q

the effect of surcrose on plaque was shown via…

A

telomeric data from lmfeldt

68
Q

what are the key findings from lmfeldt and co.data

A
  1. the grter the amount of surcrose given the lower the resulting plaque
  2. the longer the acidic pH, the more HAP will dissolve
  3. as saliva flow rate increase= the buffering capacity also increase
69
Q

list all the inorganic componenets of saliva?

A

H+ ions

Bicarbonate (HCO3 -) ions

Na+ ions

K+ ions

MG2+ ions

Ca2+ ions

Phosphate ions

Fluoride Fl- ions

70
Q

what is the impotance of bicarbonate ions and why are they able to perform this function?

A
  1. important buffer system of saliva
  2. pKA= 6.1 therefore at pH 6.1 the concentration of H2CO3 is equal to HCO3 (carbonic acid=Bicarbonate ion)
71
Q

cocnentration of bicarbonate ins timulated and unstimulated saliva

A

60mM= stimulated saliva

1mM= unstimulated saliva

72
Q

function of carbonic anyhdrase in salivary glands

A

generates carbonic acid… therefore bicarbonate

carbonic nhydrase found in salivary pellicle

73
Q

what is the concentration of carbonic acid in plasma

A

stable at 1.3 mM equilibrium with the alveolar carbon dioxide concentration

74
Q

sodium is the counter ion for

A

bicarbonate

75
Q

potassium is the counter ion for

A

phosphate

76
Q

function of both sodium and potassium

A

to preserve the electrical neutrality

77
Q

salivary sodium concentration in stimulated and un sitmulated saliva

A

increases when saliva flow rate increses

stimulated: 30 mM
unstimulated: 6mM

78
Q

salivary potassium concentration in sitmulated and unstimulated saliva

A

remains constant as salivia flow rate increase

stimulated/unstimulated: 14-32 mM

79
Q

why does salivary potassium concentration remain constant?

A

potassium is added to ductal fluid throughout their passage through the duct

80
Q

salivary magnesium concentrations in stimulated and unstimulated salivia

A

Decrease already low at unstimulaated: 0.4mM

stimulated: 0.2mM

dilution effect

81
Q

origin of mg2+ ions in saliva

A

not identiified

  • cellular degradtion within oral cavity
  • from the dissolution of mineral
82
Q

salivary Calcium

in simulated and unstimulated saliva

A

calcium can exist in pure form/complexed to proteins/other ions

pure ca2+ in unstimulated saliva: 1-2nM

genrally remains contant in simulated saliva as well

83
Q

Which gland have high Ca2+ and which one has low?

A

submandibular high ca2+

parotid low ca2+

84
Q

what is the fuction of ca2+ in saliva

A

maintaining HAP re-mineralising it and preventing dissolution

85
Q

what is the function of phosphates in saliva

A
  • buffer especially in UNSTIMULATED saliva
  • repaire HAP and inhibit dissolution (alongside ca2+)
86
Q

concentrtion of phospates depending on flow rate?

A

varies from 2-13mM depending on flow rate INORGANIC orthophosphate concentration DECREASES with salivary flow rate

87
Q

why does inorganic othophosphates concetration decrease with incres salivia flow rate

A

phosphate is added actively as it passes through the ducts- if fast moving daliva less time to add phosphate

88
Q

HAP will spontaneously ……….. out of solution when its ….. product is ………

A

precipitate

solubility

exceeded

govered by the concentration of it constituent ions in solution (ca2+, phospate and hydroxly ions)

89
Q

so at low concentrtions of ca/phosphate, HAP will spontaneously

A

dissolve

90
Q

so at normal levels of ca/phospahte, HAP will spontaneously

A

re-precipitate

91
Q

saliva is superstaurated with respect to HAP at neutral pH. what does super saturated mean?

A

saliva contains OVER teh threshold/sufficient ions of a given salt for its spontaneous precipitation to occur

92
Q

why does pH have such a profound effect on the soluility product of HAP

A

the protonation of the phospate group in pH dependant

93
Q

symbol for orthophospate

A

PO43-

94
Q

in acidic conditions the phophate group will be…

A

increasing protonated - H3PO4

and vice versa

95
Q

fluoride ion concentration in saliva is….

A

0.001-0.005 mM varies very little with flow of saliva

96
Q

the fluoride ion concentration is hgiher in plaque than in saliva. how does fluoride affect HAP

A

replaces the OH in HAP to make a more stables mineral that is less soluable in acid, promots the rapir of HAP mineral

97
Q

example of a weak acid

A

acetic acid

98
Q

Ka =

A

h+ x conjugate base/weak acid

it tells us the degree of dissociation to determin if weak or strong acid

99
Q

pH=

A
  • log (H+)
100
Q

pKa=

A

-log (Ka)

101
Q

henderson- hassebalch equation

A

pH = pKa +log (conjugate base conc. /acid conc.)

102
Q

define buffer

A

molecules that resist pH changes by the small addition of acs or base to a system

usually mixture of weak acid/ its conjugate base or weak base and conjuate acid

103
Q

midpoint of titration tells us

A

where the buffer system buffers- can extend 1pH unit either side of the pKa value

104
Q

titration

What is the midpoint

A

point where pH = pKa

105
Q

when the conjugate base concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering

A

added acid

106
Q

when the acid concentration is higher then this buffer is good at buffering….

A

added bases

107
Q

how is INTRA-cellular pH maintained at 7.4

A

phosohate and histiidine side chain or proteins

108
Q

how is EXTRA-cellular pH maintain at 7.4

A

the bicarbonate buffer system

109
Q

name the 3 buffering systems in saliva

A
  1. bicarbonate- most important in stimulated saliva
  2. phopsphate
  3. proteins- histidine chains
110
Q
A