SALIENT WORDS/TERMS Flashcards
ATP
AENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
“To release energy, foodstuff that is consumed (i.e., protein, carbohydrate and fat) must be metabolized to yield a high-energy compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The manufactured ATP is stored inside muscles so that it is immediately available to produce movement when stimulua is give the the muscles. However, the storage of ATP in the muscles is limited.
ACSM: page 422 on mac [Note: see diagram 5.5 page 429 on mac]
DOMS
DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS
ACSM’s Resources for the PT:
Page 427 on mac
STEADY STATE
The term used to depict a balance between energy required by the muscle to perform work and the production of ATP via aerobic metabolism.
Steady state corresponds to the flattening or plateau seen in the oxygen consumption curve during submaximal exercise
ACSM: Page 430 on mac
EPOC
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption:
The consumption of more than usual amounts of oxygen after exercise.
In general, postexercise metabolism is higher following high intensity exercise than light or moderate work.
EPOC remains elevated for longer duration after prolonged exercise than after shorter-term exertion. EPOC helps to restore CP [creatine phosphate] in muscles and oxygen in blood and tissues.
Page 432 on mac
3 TYPES OF MUSCLES
Skeletal - Smooth - Cardiac
Skeletal or “ Striated muscle” as it is also known due to its alternating light and dark fibers, is the type of muscle that attaches to the skeleton and produces physical movement. [It is a voluntary muscle because the individual can control it.
All internal organs are composed of smooth muscle with the exception of the heart which is composed of cardiac muscle.
Smooth and cardiac muscle are involuntary because they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system [ANS], the involuntary division of the nervous system.
Page 433 on mac
ANS
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
The ANS includes two pathways, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic.
Sympathetic: stimulates visceral activities under stress. [e.g. acceleration of metabolism, HR, breathing and adrenal hormone release. Exercise can be viewed as a stressrul stimulus.
When the stressful stimulus subsides the parasympathetic pathway brings the visceral activites back to normal. This system helps conserve and restore body resources.
Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary because they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system [ANS], the involuntary division of the nervous system.
FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH
Work performed against a resistance in such a way that the strength gained directly benefits the execution of activities of daily life and or movements associated with sports.
Pages 438 and 439 on mac
DYNAMIC [ISOTONIC] RESISTANCE TRAINIG
CONCENTRIC/ECCENTRIC
If force is sufficient to overcome the external resistance (e.g., dumbbell) and the muscle shortens (e.g., the lifting phase of a biceps curl), the muscle action is called concentric**. When the resistance is greater than force applied by the muscle and the muscle lengthens, it is known as **eccentric muscle action (e.g., the lowering phase of the biceps curl). Most dynamic resistance training includes both concentric and eccentric actions.
Page 439 on mac
ISOKINETIC RESISTANCE TRAINING
Entails a muscular contraction at a contant speed against acommodating resistance. The speed of the movement is controlled and the amount of resistance is proportional to the amount of force produced throughout the ROM.
PROPRIOCEPTION
The receipt of information from joints, muscles and tendons that enables the brain to determine movements and position of the body and its parts.
AKA a muscle spindle, which is sensitive to the stretch of a muscle and is embedded withing the muscle fiber. When a muscle is stretched or shortened so is the spindle. They provide sensory information regarding changes and rate of change in length and tension of muscle fibers.
Their main function is to react to the stretch of a muscle and, through reflex action, to initiate a stronger muscle action to reduce the stretch. [Stretch reflex]
In contrast to the muscle spindles, the Golgi tendon organs are a specialized proprioceptor, attached to the tendons near the junction of the muscle. These receptors detect differences in the tension generated by active muslce rather than muscle length. They serve as a protecitive sensory system to prevent muscle injury resulting from over-contraction.
Page 446/447 and 454/455 on mac
NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM
CSN and PNS
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The spinal cord is a part of the CSN, which helps control all of the peripheral and internal organs. AKA the visceral system.
All muscular movements are controlled by the nervous system.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves, and is divided into the CNS and the PNS [peripheral nervous system]
CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: all peripheral nerves of voluntary system, which allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the rest of the body. Also called the somatic nervous system.
Two types of nerve fibers in the PNS: Afferent or sensory fibers and Efferent, or motor fibers.
Sensory nerve fibers: carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the body to the CNS. The signal is processed and an action is determined.
The motor nerve fibers are called to convey the nerve signal from the CNS to the effectors, either muscles or other organs.
CAD
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
“Endurance exercise training increases functional capacity and provides relief of symptoms in many clients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This is particularly important because most clients with clinically manifest CAD have a subnormal functional capacity (50% to 70% of those of similar age and sex), and some may be limited by symptoms at relatively low levels of exertion.”
Page 460 on mac
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
METABOLIC SYSTEM
HOW DOES THE METABOLISM SYSTEM WORK?https://experiencelife.com/article/all-about-your-metabolic-energy-systems/
IHRSA
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH, RACQUET AND SPORTS CLUB ASSOCIATION
ROM
The degree of movement within a joint. It can be active: range ROM by voluntary movement from contraction of skeletal muscle or,
Passive: ROM achieved by external means. [e.g. assistance of trainer or stretching bands].
Hypermobile: joint with excessive ROM.
Hypomobile: joint with restricted ROM
Goniometer: used to quantify joint ROM. Helps to guide exercise prescription and monitor ROM progress.
