SAIDs

Question 1

Inner medulla will secrete:

Answer 1

Adrenaline

Question 2

Outermost layer of cortex called —————- and will secrete —————-
Which concern with ——————-

Answer 2

Zone glomerulosa
Minalocorticoids: aldosterone
Water and electrolytes balance

Question 3

The middle layer of adrenal cortex called —————- and will secrete —————-
Which concern with ——————-

Answer 3

• Zone fasiculata
• Glucocorticoids : cortisol
• Protein and carbohydrates metabolism
• regulatory effects on host defence

Question 4

The inner layer of adrenal cortex called —————- and will secrete —————-
Which concern with ——————-

Answer 4

• zona reticularis
• Androgens
• Sex hormone

Question 5

Physiologic Effects of Glucocorticoids:

Answer 5

1) influence the function of most
cells in the body.

2) Permissive effects: without which many normal functions become deficient.

E.g. lipolytic responses of fat cells to catecholamines, ACTH, and growth hormone are attenuated in the absence of glucocorticoids.

Question 6

Metabolic Effects of Glucocorticoids:

Answer 6

1) Hyperglycemia:
- increase gluconeogenesis
- decrease glucose utilization by periphral tissues

2) stimulate lipolysis (Redistribution of fat depots)
3) hypocalcaemia: Antagonize the effect of vitamin D on calcium absorption.

Question 7

Catabolic and Antianabolic Effects of Glucocorticoids:

Answer 7

1) Increased protein catabolism in: lymphoid and connective tissue
muscle
bone
peripheral fat
skin
2)stimulate RNA and protein synthesis in the liver.
3) Reduce growth In children

Question 8

Antiinflammatory Actions of Glucocorticoids:

Answer 8

• Inhibit all steps of inflammation-non-
  specific
• decrease recruitment of inflammatory cells
• decrease production of mediators of inflammation

Question 9

Immunosuppressant & antiallergic

Of Glucocorticoids:

Answer 9

• Suppress all types of hypersensitivity & allergic phenomena
• Greater suppression of CMI- delayed
  hypersensitivity:
  decrease T cell proliferation
  decrease production of lymphokines

Question 10

Actions of Glucocorticoids (others):

Answer 10

▪ Anti-stress effects.
▪ Decreased healing.
▪ Increase number of platelet and RBCs. 
▪ Vasoconstriction when applied directly to
the skin.

Question 11

Actions of Glucocorticoids on Mediators:

Answer 11

▪ Decreased production of
prostanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes)

▪ Decreased generation of
cytokines

▪ Deceased NO (nitric oxide)

▪ Decreased hitsamine release from mast cells and basophils

▪ Decreased IgG production

Question 12

Endogenous Glucocorticoids:

Answer 12

1) Hydrocortisone (cortisol)

2) Cortisone (synthetic) > hydrocortisone

Question 13

Synthetic Glucocorticoids:

Answer 13

– Prednisone → Prednisolone

– Methylprednisolone

• Dexamethasone (most potent)

– Betamethasone

– Beclomethasone / Fluticasone / Budesonide - Inhalers

Question 14

Inhalers Synthetic Glucocorticoids:

Answer 14

Beclomethasone Fluticasone

Budesonide

Question 15

Most potent Synthetic Glucocorticoids:

Answer 15

Dexamethasone

Question 16

Glucocorticoids induce which cytochrome p450 enzyme ?

Answer 16

CYP3A4

Question 17

Indications for Glucocorticoids :

Answer 17

1) Adrenal insufficiency (addisons disease)
2) Immuno-Suppressive: autoimmune disorders such as SLE
3) Arthrides-only in severe cases not
controlled by NSAIDS
4) Organ transplant
5) Allergic/ inflammatory diseases / reactions
6) Leukemia & lymphomas.
7) Stimulation of lung maturation in the fetus

Question 18

How Glucocorticoids should be taken to treat Adrenal insufficiency (addisons disease):

Answer 18

replacement therapy
• in conjunction with a mineralocorticoid (eg
fludrocortisone) to mimic physiological levels (2/3 morning 1/3 evening)

Question 19

Examples of inflammatory skin conditions that use Glucocorticoids as a treatment:

Answer 19

dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis)

Question 20

Most potent Glucocorticoids in anti-inflammatory activity:

Answer 20

Dexamethasone

Betamethasone

Question 21

Least potent Glucocorticoids anti-inflammatory activity:

Answer 21

Cortisone 0.8
Hydrocortisone 1
Prednisolne 4

Question 22

Example of Glucocorticoids used for autoimmunity

Answer 22

Prednisolone