Saia Unit 1 Flashcards
communication
to convey info accurately, can be verbal or nonverbal
verbal communication
tone, pitch and volume
nonverbal communication
eye contact, touch, appearance, listening skills, attitude
assertive
calm, firm expression of feelings/opinions
aggressive
undesirable behavior characterized by anger or hostility
personal space
the distance around someone that is considered to be private
social space
4-12 feet
personal space is usually
18”-4’
intimate space
up to 18”
challenges to communication
culture, age (peds, geriatrics), language barriers, gender
ethnocentrism
the belief that ones own cultural values are superior to others
aphasia or dysphasia
an abnormal neurological condition in which language function is defective or absent because of an injury to certain areas of the brain
altered states of consciousness
drowsy, unconscious, comatose
drowsy
will respond to stimulus
unconscious
won’t respond to stimulus
comatose
unconscious for 24 hours
the grieving process
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
radiographs belong to the institution, not the patient
the patient owns the results of the study
radiographs must be kept for a minimum of
5-7 years
sentinel event
error that happens in health care that causes serious injury or death to patient
proper body alignment, movement, and balance are necessary to
prevent injury to either the health care worker or patient
base of support
portion of body in contact with the ground
center of gravity
point around which body weight is balanced
line of gravity
from combined center of gravity through base of support
ambulatory patient
can walk and move with little to no assistance
immobile patient
cannot walk, move, or assist in transfer
paraplegia
paralysis from the waist down
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
quadriplegia
paralysis from the neck down
orthostatic hypotension
feeling of lightheadedness upon standing after being recumbent (due to sudden drop in blood pressure)
syncope
sensation of feeling faint
ataxia
uncoordinated movement
fall risk
person w/increased likelihood of falling
stretcher to table or bed transfer
all wheels locked, assistance from others,, preferred two people on each side with slider board or draw sheets
wheelchair to table/bed transfer
wheelchair locked placed parallel to table with “strong” leg closest to table, tech standing with legs between footrests to support and lift into upright position (squat, lift w/legs)
transfer from wheelchair to stool
should only be done with patients who are able to assist
basic log roll
patients hands across chest, two people on each side of patient and one maintaining proper head/neck alignment, sheets wrapped tightly around patient and rolled. reinforce with sheets/pillows
microorganisms
living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
pathogens
microorganisms that cause infection and disease (bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi, prions)
bacteria
single celled organisms with a cell wall which can grow independently without a host, classified by shape (spherical, rod-shaped, spiral)
spherical bacteria
cocci - staphylcoccus (staph)
rod shaped bacteria
bacilli - tubercle bacili (tb)
spiral shaped bacteria
spirilla - syphillis
bacterial spores
endospores (exospores), “waxy coat” which protects the bacteria within
tuberculosis
bacterial disease airborne spread, formerly known as consumption
antibiotic resistant bacterial strains
MRSA, VRE, C Dif
Virion
fully developed viral particle
virus
sub-cellular organisms with no cell wall
syndrome
a collection of symptoms
blood borne pathogens are most commonly contracted by
IDU’s (intravenous drug users)
in 1991 OSHA mandated that healthcare workers be provided with
the Hep B immunization
fungi single celled
yeast - bud cells
fungi long strands
mold - many cells
protozoa
complex, single celled animals classified by motility
changing shape
psuedopods
cilia
little hairs
flagella
whip like tail
prions
smallest of ll known pathogen, do not have dan/rna
cycle of infection
infectious agent, reservoir of infection, portal or exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
infectious agent
pathogen
reservoir of infection
where pathogens can thrive in numbers to pose a threat
portal of exit
how pathogens leave the infected hosts body
mode of transmission
how pathogen travels from one body to another
portal of entry
how pathogen enters another persons body
susceptible host
person who can be infected by pathogen
direct contact transmission
skin to skin, mouth to mouth, mucous membrane to membrane, sexual contact
fomite
an indirect mode of transmission, an inanimate object
vector
indirect, insect or tick, an indirect mode of transmission
vehicle
a medium for transport such as food, water, blood, indirect
droplet
indirect. cough, sneeze, travel short distances, contacts membranes of new person
airborne
indirect, dust and spores, can stay in the air a long time, very, very small
portals of entry/exit
mucous membranes/eyes, nose, mouth, skin, open sores, respiratory systems, airborne, go systems, ingestion, fecal. urinary system, urine, circulatory system, wounds, reproductive system, semen, vaginal
immune system
bodys defense against disease causing microorganisms (pathogens), foreign tissues, and body own cells that have turned cancerous
nonspecific immunity (innate immunity)
generalized protection such as tears, mucous secretion, phagocytosis, inflammatory response
the 4 hallmarks of inflammation
calor, dolor, rubor, edema
calor
heat due to increased blood flow
dolor
pain
rubor
redness
edema
exudate from blood stream
specific immunity (adaptive immunity)
requires a previous exposure to the pathogen; first exposure = sick, second = not sick
specific immunity types
natural, active, passive
natural immunity
just happens as a result of living
active immunity
individual immune system response to pathogen (measles - only get once)
passive immunity
mothers milk, antibodies from mom to infant
artificial immunity
man made (vaccinations)
antibodies
destroys and/or inactivates antigens
antigens
foreign substance in body
complement protiens
inactive enzymes normally present in blood, when activated kill foreign cells by dissolving
combining sites
concave areas on antibodies that fir the precise size and shape of a marker molecule
marker molecules
fragments of dna that make an antigen unique
antibodies
bind with antigens, :lock and key:
complement proteins
enzymes normally found in blood
immune system cells
phagocytes, lymphocytes
lymphocytes
develop from stem cells in bone marrow
medical asepsis
reduces the probability of infection by reducing the numbers of microorganisms present (very clean but not sterile)
surgical asepsis
sterilization
isolation
transmission based precaution
airborne precaution
high filtration masks required
droplet precaution
standard surgical masks
contact precaution
gown, gloves, hat, footies
sterilization
the absence of all microorganisms, methods include: chemical, autoclaving, conventional gas, gas plasma, dry heat
sterility indicators
indicators on both the inside and outside of object/pack t prove that an item has been sterilized
biological indicators
indicator used to prove an item has been sterilized, closed containers that hold nonpathogenic spore forming bacilli (each resistant to a specific sterilization procedure)
sterile fields
microorganism free work area
input and output
I&O, monitoring a patients intake and output (what they eat/drink and how/when the expel)
urinary catheter
inserted through the urethra into the bladder
condom catheter
slips of the penis which then drains to a collection bag
incontenence
loss of bladder and/or bowel control
ostomy
opening to
colostomy
opening from the colon to outside the body
ileostomy
opening from the ileum to outside the body
kyphosis
exaggerated curvature
lordosis
exaggerated curvature
vital signs
collection of primary mechanisms that adapt to internal or external fluctuations and adjust according to maintain homeostasis
homeostasis
balance or maintaining of the internal environment of the body
purpose of vital signs
to provide a fast set if objective data regarding the patients condition
vital signs include
tempurature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate
level of consciousness
alert, drowsy, unconscious, comatose
body temperature
normal is 98.6F but can fluctuate by about a degree
body temperature above 99.5
fever or febrile
body temperature below 97.7
hypothermia
thermoregulation
the bodies adaptive abilities to extreme external variations
body temperature regulation is primarily controlled by
the hypothalamus gland
if the body temperature is too high
vasodilation, sweating
if the body temperature is too low
vasoconstriction, shivering
oral thermometers are
blue in color, are longer, thinner glass bulb
rectal thermometers
red in color, shorter, bulkier glass and bulb
respiratory system is responsible for
oxygenation of the blood, carrying oxygen throughout the body and expelling carbon dioxide from the body
one respiration is composed of
one inspiration and expiration
normal respiratory rate for adults is
12-20/min
normal respiratory rate for child (under 10)
20-30/min
normal respiratory rate for infant
30-60/min
tachypnea
increased respirations above the normal range
bradypnea
decreased respirations below the normal range
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
apnea
absence of breathing
pulse rate
measurement of heart rate or pumping activity of the human heart
pulse can be obtained in the following
radial artery (thumb side of wrist) brachial artery (front of elbow) carotid artery (neck) popliteal (back of knee) apical (with stethoscope listening to chest wall)
normal pulse rate for adults
60-100/min
normal pulse rate for babies (up to age 1)
100-160/min
normal pulse rate for children 1-10 years
70-120/min
normal pulse rate for well conditioned athletes
40-60/min
tachcardia is over
100/min for adults
bradycardia is under
60/min for adults
blood pressure is the measurement of
the force of blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation
systolic
the peak pressure found during the contraction phase of the heart
diastolic
the pressure found during the relaxation phase of the heart
normal blood pressure is considered to be
120/80 mm Hg
hypertension
over 140/90
hypotension
under 95/60
contrast media is used to
visualize detail of anatomy
differential absorption
different materials absorb X-ray energy to differing degrees
negative contrast media
low atomic numbers
decrease attenuation of the X-ray beam
air/carbon dioxide
positive contrast media
high atomic numbers
increase attenuation of the X-ray beam
barium (56)
iodine (53)
flocculation
subject to separation
parenteral
into or through the skin
enteral
through the alimentary canal
ionic
charged particles/molecules
nonionic
neutral particles/molecules (expensive)
osmosis
the movement of water to equalize solution levels (water follows salt)
Tort -
a wrongful act or an infringement of a right (other than under contract) leading to civil legal liability.
Assault -
the crime of trying or threatening to hurt someone physically.
Battery -
a criminal offense involving unlawful physical contact, distinct from assault which is the act of creating apprehension of such contact.
Defamation -
the action of damaging the good reputation of someone
Libel -
a published false statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation;
Slander -
the action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation.
False imprisonment -
a restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent
Fraud -
deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain
Informed consent -
a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person.
Implied consent -
consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather inferred from a person’s actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person’s silence or inaction).
Negligence -
failure to use reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another.
Res Ipsa Loquitur -
“the thing speaks for itself.” Refers to situations when it’s assumed that a person’s injury was caused by the negligent action of another party because the accident was the sort that wouldn’t occur unless someone was negligent.
Respondeat Superior -
“let the master answer”; a legal doctrine which states that, in many circumstances, an employer is responsible for the actions of employees performed within the course of their employment.
ASRT Standard of Care -
Standards set by the ASRT for professional RTs to follow including guidelines for scope of practice as an RT as well as professional standards practiced by an RT.
ARRT Code of Ethics
Ethics that are set by the ARRT for those registered to follow in their professional careers.
Both the Code of Ethics (a set of aspirational guidelines) and the Rules of Ethics (mandatory and enforceable standards) are spelled out in the ARRT Standards of Ethics.
Plaintiff -
a person who brings a case against another in a court of law.
Defendant -
a person or entity accused of a crime in criminal prosecution or a person or entity against whom some type of civil relief is being sought in a civil case.
Expert witness -
a person who is permitted to testify at a trial because of special knowledge or proficiency in a particular field that is relevant to the case.
Corporate Liability -
The legal responsibility of a corporation for criminal actions, or the failure to act in some cases, committed by the company’s employees.
Respondeat superior -
“let the master answer”; a legal doctrine which states that, in many circumstances, an employer is responsible for the actions of employees performed within the course of their employment
Res ipsa loquitur -
“the thing speaks for itself.” Refers to situations when it’s assumed that a person’s injury was caused by the negligent action of another party because the accident was the sort that wouldn’t occur unless someone was negligent.
Malpractice -
professional negligence by act or omission by a health care provider in which the treatment provided falls below the accepted standard of practice in the medical community and causes injury or death to the patient, with most cases involving medical error.
Negligence -
A failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances.
Actions and Inactions (omissions) -
something that has not been included or done, something that has been omitted, the act of not including or doing something
Malfeasance -
wrongdoing, especially by a public official.
Misfeasance -
a transgression, especially the wrongful exercise of lawful authority.
Nonfeasance -
the failure to act where action is required - willfully or in neglect.
The 4 D’s of Negligence -
Duty - something that one is expected or required to do by moral or legal obligation.
Dereliction - the state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated.
Direct cause - The producer of an effect, result, or consequence.
Damages - an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.
Preponderance of evidence -
a standard of proof that must be met by a plaintiff if he or she is to win a civil action.
Compensatory damages -
A sum of money awarded in a civil action by a court to indemnify a person for the particular loss, detriment, or injury suffered as a result of the unlawful conduct of another.
Punitive damages -
damages intended to reform or deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that which formed the basis of the lawsuit.
Nominal damages -
Minimal money damages awarded to an individual in an action where the person has not suffered any substantial injury or loss for which he or she must be compensated.
Fraud -
A false representation of a matter of fact—whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading allegations, or by concealment of what should have been disclosed—that deceives and is intended to deceive another so that the individual will act upon it to her or his legal injury.
Settlement -
In law, a settlement is a resolution between disputing parties about a legal case, reached either before or after court action begins
Arbitration -
The submission of a dispute to an unbiased third person designated by the parties to the controversy, who agree in advance to comply with the award—a decision to be issued after a hearing at which both parties have an opportunity to be heard
Mediation -
an informal and confidential way for people to resolve disputes with the help of a neutral mediator who is trained to help people discuss their differences.
Tort reform -
the proposed changes made in the civil justice system that directly reduces tort litigation or damages
Confidentiality -
A set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information.
Scope of practice -
describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license.
Licensure -
a restricted practice or a restriction on the use of an occupational title, requiring a license.
Certification -
refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an object, person, or organization.
Registration -
the action or process of registering or of being registered.
“the registration of births, marriages, and deaths”
Veracity -
truth or accuracy. : the quality of being truthful or honest.
Beneficence -
action that is done for the benefit of others, actions that can be taken to help prevent or remove harms or to simply improve the situation of others
Nonmaleficence -
a principle of bioethics that asserts an obligation not to inflict harm intentionally. It is useful in dealing with difficult issues surrounding the terminally or seriously ill and injured.
Privileged communication -
communication between parties to a confidential relation (as between physician and patient) such that the recipient cannot be legally compelled to disclose it as a witness
Advance directive -
legal documents that allow you to spell out your decisions about end-of-life care ahead of time.
Living will -
a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity.
Durable power of attorney -
A legal document that enables an individual to designate another person, called the attorney-in-fact, to act on his/her behalf, even in the event the individual becomes disabled or incapacitated
OSHA -
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, a federal agency of the United States that regulates workplace safety and health
Autonomy -
the state of existing or acting separately from others. : the power or right of a country, group, etc., to govern itself.
Bias -
a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly.
Discrimination -
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.
Ethnocentric -
evaluating other peoples and cultures according to the standards of one’s own culture.
Subpoena -
A formal document that orders a named individual to appear before a duly authorized body at a fixed time to give testimony.
Privileged communication -
a communication between parties to a confidential relation (as between physician and patient) such that the recipient cannot be legally compelled to disclose it as a witness
Hippocratic Oath -
an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.
Euthanasia -
the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.
Posthumous -
occurring, awarded, or appearing after the death of the originator.
“he was awarded a posthumous Military Cross”
Discrimination -
treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.
Prejudice -
an unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason.
Bias -
a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly.
Racism -
the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.
Homophobia -
dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people.
Ethnocentrism -
judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture
Duty -
something that one is expected or required to do by moral or legal obligation.
Dereliction -
the state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated.
Direct cause -
The producer of an effect, result, or consequence.
Damages -
an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury
