sahel

Question 1

lack of infrastructure to support GM crops

Answer 1

The Institute of Rural Economy (IER) in Mali operates with severely limited resources. The institute has reported that 60% of its laboratory equipment is outdated or non-functional, hampering its ability to conduct cutting-edge research (FAO, 2018).

Question 2

Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) definition

Answer 2

is a sustainable agricultural practice that involves the systematic regrowth and management of trees and shrubs from existing root systems and seeds. It enhances soil fertility, increases crop yields, and combats desertification, thereby improving food security and environmental resilience in arid regions

Question 3

Farmer managed natural regeneration effects

Answer 3

-Studies show that FMNR fields have 50% higher soil organic matter compared to non-FMNR fields.
-MNR has led to the regeneration of over 5 million hectares of degraded land in Niger alone In some areas, household incomes have increased by 25-30% due to improved agricultural productivity.
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Question 4

negatives Farmer managed natural regeneration effects

Answer 4

In parts of Mali, efforts to introduce FMNR faced resistance because local farmers were skeptical about the benefits and were unwilling to change their established methods its hard to enforce but when it is then it works. A study found that only 25% of farmers were willing to adopt FMNR, despite demonstrations showing a potential 50% increase in crop yields and 30% improvement in soil fertility. Need to maintain in long term.

Question 5

waste

Answer 5

Due to inadequate storage facilities and poor transportation infrastructure, up to 40% of harvested crops can be lost before reaching the market. For instance, in Niger, the introduction of improved storage facilities like hermetic bags and metal silos has been shown to reduce grain losses by 20-30%.

Question 6

food insecure

Answer 6

20 million

Question 7

utilisation in chad

Answer 7

the global food security index of 2022 shows Chad, a country in the Sahel region has very poor utilisation as the prevalence of undernourishment is 32.7 percent. Additionally the quality of the food is 113th compared to all countries.

Question 8

lack of water

Answer 8

he Sahel receives low and highly variable rainfall, averaging between 150 to 600 mm annually. This erratic rainfall pattern exacerbates soil moisture stress and negatively impacts crop productivity

Question 9

soil nutrient content

Answer 9

Studies have shown that organic carbon levels in Sahelian soils are often below 1%, significantly lower than the 2-3% considered necessary for healthy crop growth (FAO)

Question 10

population increase

Answer 10

The population of the Sahel region has been growing rapidly. For example, the population of Niger grew from about 10 million in 2000 to over 24 million in 2020. he World Food Programme (WFP) reported that food insecurity in the Sahel has been exacerbated by a 30% increase in the population over the past decade.

Question 11

farm size decreased

Answer 11

the population grows, farm sizes are decreasing due to land division among families. In Niger, the average farm size has decreased from 4.5 hectares in the 1980s to less than 2 hectares in recent years (FAO).

Question 12

global population increase

Answer 12

As of 2023, the global population is approximately 8 billion people.

Question 13

chronic

Answer 13

Chronic food insecurity refers to a long-term and persistent lack of access to sufficient, nutritious food. It results from enduring poverty, inadequate agricultural practices, and systemic issues. Affected individuals and communities continuously face food shortages and malnutrition, impacting their health, productivity, and overall well-being.

Question 14

transitional

Answer 14

Transitional food insecurity is a temporary and acute lack of access to adequate food due to sudden shocks, such as natural disasters, economic crises, or conflicts. This type of insecurity typically arises in the short term but can lead to long-term impacts if not addressed promptly with effective relief and recovery efforts

Question 15

drought

Answer 15

Sahel has experienced frequent droughts that have severely impacted food production. For example, the 2010-2012 droughts left over 18 million people food insecure across the region. Crop failures and livestock losses led to widespread hunger and malnutrition. exacerbate in already food insecure places

Question 16

climate change

Answer 16

The World Bank predicts that climate change could increase global food prices by 20% by 2050, disproportionately affecting low-income populations.

Question 17

TNCs

Answer 17

Land grabbing by agribusiness , forcing farmers on marginal land 10 million hectares of land in the Sahel have been acquired by foreign investors for agricultural purposes.

Question 19

nutrient loss

Question 20

water use

Answer 20

Agriculture accounts for about 70% of water withdrawals in the Sahel, putting significant pressure on water resources.

Question 21

climate change impact

Answer 21

The Sahel is particularly vulnerable to climate change, which exacerbates desertification. A report by the IPCC indicates that rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns could reduce crop yields by up to 20% in the Sahel by 2050.

Question 22

degraded

Answer 22

65% of the land in the Sahel is degraded

Question 23

climate change

Answer 23

sahel have increased by approximately 1.5°C

Question 24

soil erosion

Answer 24

soil erosion rates in the Sahel can be as high as 10 times the global average, Soil erosion affects an estimated 100 million hectares of land in the Sahel

Question 25

cycle of poverty

Answer 25

Limited economic opportunities and inadequate social safety reinforce cycles of poverty and food insecurity more than 40% of the population in the Sahel lives below the international poverty line