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Safmeds Flashcards

1
Q

Adjunctive Behaviors

A

Behaviors that are brought about by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered.

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2
Q

Accuracy

A

The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature

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3
Q

Echoic Training

A

Involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of verbal Sd’s that have point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the response

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4
Q

Automaticity of reinforcement and punishment

A

A person does not have to know what a consequence means for it to work.

Operant conditioning occurs automatically

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5
Q

How to use competency- based training for mediators

A
  1. Description
  2. Written description (TA)
  3. Demonstration (model)
  4. Video model
  5. Role- play
  6. Observe
  7. Feedback
  8. Repeat
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6
Q

Multiple Exemplar Training

A

Instruction that provides the learner with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus controls response forms

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7
Q

Free operant bx

A

A class of responses that are a function of a class of consequent stimuli (I.e not under discriminative control).

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8
Q

Transitive MO

A

An environmental variable that establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and thereby evokes (or abates) the bx that has been reinforced by that other stimulus.

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9
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences

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10
Q

Reflexive MO

A

A condition or object that acquires it’d effectiveness as an MO by preceding a situation that either is worsening or is improving

Signal to us that aversive events may be occurring soon

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11
Q

Evoke

A

The production of a response

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12
Q

Procedures for measuring behavior

A

ETT

  1. Event recording
  2. Timing
  3. Time sampling
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13
Q

Concurrent schedule of reinforcement

A

2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operate independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviors

Choice making

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14
Q

Hypothetical Constructs

A

Presumed, but unobserved, entities

Example: Free will, readiness, unobservable storage and retrieval mechanisms for memory, information processing, etc.

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15
Q

Unconditioned Punisher

A

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any bx that immediately preceded it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus

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16
Q

Steady state strategy

A

Repeated exposure of a given subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate extraneous influences on behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

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17
Q

Antecedent based self- management tactics

A
  1. Manipulating MOs
  2. Providing response prompts
  3. Performing initial steps of a bx chain
  4. Removing materials required for an undesired bx
  5. Limiting undesired bx to restricted stimulus conditions
  6. Dedicating a specific environment for a bx
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18
Q

Exemplars

A

Examples containing the critical stimulus or response features

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19
Q

Asymptote

A

Maximal level of responding

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20
Q

Chained schedule of reinforcement

A

Has 2 or more basic schedule requirements that occur successively and has an Sd correlated with each independent schedule with one or more behaviors

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21
Q

6 components of experiments in ABA

A
  1. At least one subject
  2. At least one behavior (DV)
  3. At least one setting
  4. At least one treatment (IV)
  5. A measurement system and ongoing analysis of data
  6. An experimental design
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22
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced in the past

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23
Q

Effective

A

Improves bx in a practical manner, not simply making a change that is systematically significant

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24
Q

Social validity

A

Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral bx a are produced

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25
Selecting interventions based on environment and resource constraints
Learn about values and concerns of key stakeholders Look to see what adjustments mig be required to encourage, monitor, and sustain changes
26
Differential reinforcement
1. Reinforcement. Occurrence of a bx other than the challenging bx - challenging bx occurring at a reduced rate 2. Withholding reinforcement: extinction
27
Purposes of Graphs in ABA
CAID 1. Communicate 2. Assess 3. IV/ DV- shows how they are related
28
Negative Reinforcement
A process that occurs when a bx is followed immediately by the reduction or removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the bx in similar conditions
29
Guidelines for responsible conduct of behavior analysis
Describes specific expectations for professional practice and ethical conduct under 10 major areas
30
Variations of treatment designs
1. Single phase without baseline 2. With baseline 3. With baseline and final best treatment phase
31
Schedules of reinforcement
A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement Environmental arrangements that determine conditions by which bxs will be reinforced
32
Behavioral Laws
Principles of behavior that have been demonstrated to possess very broad generality Example: immediacy and schedules of reinforcement
33
Stimulus generalization
When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinforced in its presence, the same type of bx tends to be evoked by stimuli they share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus
34
Split-middle line of progress
CDMMQS 1. Count 2. Divide 3. Mid- rate 4. Mid- date 5. Quarterly- intersect line of progress 6. Split- middle line of progress
35
Emit
A term that describes the occurrence of operant bx Produce
36
Stimulus control
When the rate/ frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a response is altered in the presence of an antecedent stimulus
37
Reinforcer assessment subtypes
1. Concurrent schedule 2. Multiple schedule reinforcer 3. Progressive ratio schedule
38
Habituation
When the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short time, the strength of the respondent bx diminishes
39
Behavior contrast
When the rate of responding to a stimulus in one setting changes when the condition of reinforcement in the other setting gets modified
40
Fundamental properties of behavior change
LTV 1. Level 2. Trend 3. Variability
41
Differential observing responses
A unique response puts the learner in sensory contact with the sample stimulus
42
Multiple treatment interference
The effects of one treatment on a subjects behavior being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study
43
Habilitation
Assesses meaningfulness of change Occurs when a persons repertoire has been changed such that short and long term reinforcers are maximized and short term and long term punishers are minimized
44
Confounding Variables
An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV
45
Practical and ethical concerns of single case designs
1. Baseline Trends 2. Excessive variability in data 3. Duration of phases
46
Phases of Assessment
1. Screening and general dispositions 2. Defining and quantifying problems or desired achievement criteria 3. Pinpointing target behaviors to be treated 4. Monitoring progress 5. Following up
47
Steady state responding
A pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time Baseline logic
48
Descriptive FBA
Direct observation of problem bx under natural conditions Events not in systematic manner Provides data on occurrence of bx within the context of natural environment in which it occurs
49
Extraneous variable
Environmental events that are not of interpretive interest to the researcher and that may influence the subjects bx in ways that insecure the effects of the IV
50
Measuring treatment integrity
1. Direct methods - observations 2. Indirect methods - self reports - questionnaires - Bx rating scales
51
Adaptation
Reductions in responding evoked by an antecedent stimulus over repeated or prolonged presentation Example: A client no longer reacts to the presence of the observer
52
Automatic Punishment
Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation of others. Other people do not deliver the consequence
53
Discrimination
An antecedent evokes or abates the bx - 3 term contingency is involved: A discriminative stimulus -> response -> consequences
54
Stimulus Discrimination
Occurs when the new stimuli (similar or not similar to the controlling stimulus) do NOT evoke the same response as the controlling stimulus
55
Collateral Behaviors
Behaviors not treated directly, yet whose rates may Change as another bx is directly treated
56
Control
Functional relation Highest level of scientific understanding Experimental demonstration that manipulating one event (IV) results in another event (DV)
57
Measurement Artifacts
An outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it’s measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred
58
Conceptual analysis of behavior
Examines philosophical, theoretical, historical, and methodological issues
59
Strategies to remove stimulus prompts
FS Fading Shaping
60
Multiple schedule of reinforcement
Presents 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement in an alternating, usually random sequence for only one or more bxs
61
Prioritizing Target Behaviors
1. Threat to the health or safety of client or others 2. Frequency 3. Longevity or problem: chronic problem should come before new one 4. Potential for higher rates of reinforcement 5. Relative importance of this target bx to future skill development and independent functioning 6. Reduction of negative attention from others 7. Reinforcement for significant others 8. Likelihood of success 9. Cost- benefit ratio to change clients bx
62
Situational ethics
The promise of fast results with severe behavior
63
Reliability
The consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values
64
Things to consider before implementing treatment
- efficiency and cost- effectiveness - risks and side- effects of the interventions - client preference - Practitioner experience and training
65
Differential negative reinforcement of alternative behavior
Terms that are sometimes used to refer differential reinforcement procedures that specifically involve escape as the reinforcer
66
Treatment Integrity
The extent to which the IV is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment
67
Competency- Based Training
The people who implement bx support plans and interventions are crucial to the outcome of the clients success
68
Matching Law
The allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement Bx goes where reinforcement flows
69
Making and substantiating professional claims
You are truthful and honest
70
Variations of Basic intermittent schedules of reinforcement
HDL 1. DRH- increases bx 2. DRD- decreases bx 3. DRL- (increasing IRT lowers rate of responding)- decreases bx
71
Train loosely
Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions
72
Surrogate MO
A stimulus that has acquired its effectiveness by accompanying some other MO and has come to have the same value- altering and behavior altering effects as the MO that it has accompanied Pairing process needs to take place with another MO
73
Mean duration per occurrence IOA
Duration IOA B1 + B2 + Bn _______________________________ n bx with duration IOA
74
Stimulus
Physically events that affect the bx of an individual May be internal or external to the individual
75
Controlling response
Self management behavior The process to the product
76
Darwinian Selectionism
Discusses a 3-term contingency with regard to species and survival A belief that all forms of life from single cells to complex cultures, evolve as a result of selection with respect to function
77
Generalization
Occurs when a large spectrum of stimuli (sounds, items, etc) occasion certain responses Example: a child says “woman” when she sees many females who all look different
78
Shaping
A process involving systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior
79
Creating a procedural integrity system
STMR Specify Train Monitor Reinforce
80
Respondent behavior
The response component of a reflex; behavior that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli
81
General case analysis
Ensuring that you are teaching all the different stimulus variations and response variations
82
Types of stimulus classes
FTF Formal Temporal Functional
83
Discrete Trials
A single cycle of behaviorally- based and systematic instructional routine 5 components: 1. Sd 2. Prompt 3. Response 4. Reinforcement 5. Inter-trial Int
84
Sub types of shaping methods
AW Across- across response topographies Within- within response topographies
85
Concept formation
A complex examples of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli
86
Ethical considerations for preparing assessments
# Choose the right behaviors, you need to know what is socially significant and be able to prioritize bxs Accept clients only for those individuals or entities whose bx problems and/ or requested service are commensurate with your education, etc
87
Purposes of assessment
Identifies and defines targets for behavior change Guides us to create effective and positive interventions

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