SAFMEDS

Question 1

Spontaneous recovery (operant).

Answer 1

An increase in responding following a period of extinction in which an organism’s rate of response had decreased or was at close to operant level.

Question 2

Reinstatement (of behaviour)

Answer 2

The recovery of behavior when the reinforcer is presented alone (response independent) after a period of extinction.

Question 3

Contingency of reinforcement.

Answer 3

A definition of the relationship between the occasion, the operant class, and the consequences that follow the behavior.

Question 4

Differential reinforcement.

Answer 4

Differential reinforcement involves reinforcement of an operant in the presence of one stimulus (SD) but not in the presence of other stimuli/settings (SΔ).

Question 5

Operant.

Answer 5

An operant is behavior that operates on the environment to produce a change, effect, or consequence.

Question 6

Partial reinforcement effect.

Answer 6

Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedules generate greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement (CRF).

Question 7

Extinction (behavioral process).

Answer 7

A decline in the frequency of the operant when there is a break in the contingency between an operant and its consequence.

Question 8

Extinction (procedure).

Answer 8

The breaking of the contingency between an operant and its consequence.

Question 9

Negative punishment.

Answer 9

The removal of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 10

Positive punishment.

Answer 10

The addition of a stimulus following a response that decreases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 11

Negative reinforcement.

Answer 11

The removal of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 12

Positive Reinforcement.

Answer 12

The addition of a stimulus following a response that increases the frequency of that response under similar conditions

Question 13

Dependent Variable

Answer 13

The variable that is measured in an experiment, commonly called an effect.

Question 14

Functional Analysis

Answer 14

An analysis of behaviour in terms of its products of consequences.

Question 15

ABAB Reversal Design

Answer 15

the most basic single-subject research design. Also called a reversal design.

Question 16

Baseline

Answer 16

The base rate of behaviour against which an experimental manipulation is measured.

Question 17

Independent Variable

Answer 17

The variable that is manipulated, changed or controlled in an experiment, commonly called a cause.

Question 18

Immediacy of Change ( baseline to treatment)

Answer 18

Assumption that the cause of a change in behaviour must immediately precede the change.

Question 19

Generality

Answer 19

An experimental result has generality when it is observed in different environments, organisms, and so on.

Question 20

Hypothetical construct

Answer 20

Unobservable events or processes that are postulated to occur and that are said to explain behaviour.

Question 21

Single-Subject Research

Answer 21

Experimental research that is concerned with discovering principles and conditions that govern the behaviour of single or individual organisms.

Question 22

Topography

Answer 22

Refers to the physical form or characteristics of the response

Question 23

Systematic Replication

Answer 23

Conducting other experiments in which the procedures are different but are logically related to the original research.

Question 24

Applied Behaviour Analysis

Answer 24

A branch of behaviour analysis that uses behaviour principles to solve practical problems.

Question 25

Trend (in baseline)

Answer 25

A trend is a systematic decline or rise in the baseline values of the dependent variable

Question 26

Steady-State Performance

Answer 26

Schedule controlled behaviour that is stable and does not change over time

Question 27

Contingency Management (CM)

Answer 27

The intervention uses operate principles to arrange contingencies to promote desired behaviour.

Question 28

Changing Criterion Design

Answer 28

The rate of target behaviour is progressively changed to some new criterion (up or down).

Question 29

Behavioural Contract

Answer 29

A behavioural plan of action that is negotiated between a client, child or spouse and concerned others.

Question 30

Internal Validity

Answer 30

When many extraneous variables are ruled out by an experimental design, the research has high internal validity.

Question 31

Multiple Baseline Across Behavious

Answer 31

When a reinforcement procedure is applied progressively to several operants.

Question 32

Ratio Schedule

Answer 32

A response-based schedule of reinforcement that is set to deliver reinforcement following a prescribed number of responses

Question 33

Limited hold

Answer 33

A contingency where the reinforcer is available for a set time after an interval schedule has timed out.

Question 34

Fixed ratio

Answer 34

A response-based schedule of reinforcement that delivers reinforcement after a fixed number of response has been made.

Question 35

Fixed interval

Answer 35

A schedule of reinforcement in which an operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed.

Question 36

Continuous Reinforcement (crf)

Answer 36

When each response produces reinforcement

Question 37

Breakpoint

Answer 37

the highest ratio value completed on a progressive ratio (pr) schedule of reinforcement

Question 38

Assumption of Generality

Answer 38

The effects of contingencies of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement and behaviour

Question 39

Precision Teaching

Answer 39

A method of systematic instruction that encourages students and teachers to target specific behaviours.

Question 40

Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

Answer 40

Psi courses are organized such that students move through the course at their own pace and reinforced for completing small course units.

Question 41

Multiple baseline across settings

Answer 41

In this research design a reinforcement procedure is applied in one situation but is withheld in other settings

Question 42

Multiple Baseline across participants

Answer 42

A research design in which can intervention is introduced progressively for different subjects who exhibit similar target behaviour

Question 43

Interreinforcement interval (IRI)

Answer 43

The time between any two reinforcers

Question 44

Inter response time (IRT)

Answer 44

The time between any two responses.

Question 45

Interval schedule

Answer 45

Schedules of reinforcement based on the passage of time and one response after that time has elapsed

Question 46

Post Reinforcement Pause (PRP)

Answer 46

The pause in responding that occurs after reinforcement on some intermittent schedules