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ABA Contingency Contracting, Group Contingencies, Token Economies, and Self-Management > Safmeds > Flashcards

Safmeds Flashcards

1
Q

Contingency contract

A

A document that specifies a contingent
relationship between the completion of a
specified behavior or tsk and access to a
specific reward

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2
Q

Contracts are not used for

A

Skill acquisition

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3
Q

Contracts are used for

A

Permanent Products

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4
Q

Contracts

A

The individual’s verbal repertoire must be
sufficiently advanced so that his/her behavior
comes under the control of the contract

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5
Q

Necessary elements of a contract

A

Task
Signatures
Reward
Data collection

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6
Q

Progress record

A

Should monitor progress of contract and provide interim rewards

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7
Q

Premack principle

A

The opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent upon the occurrence of low-probability behavior will reinforce the low-probability behavior

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8
Q

Contracting rules

A 
Payoff should be immediate
Initially reward small approximations
Reward frequently with small amounts
Reward accomplishments, not obedience
Reward performance after it occurs
The contract must be fair, honest, and positive
The terms of the contract must be clear
Contracting methods used systematically
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9
Q

DeRisi model

A 
Date contract begins and ends
Behavior
Amount and kind of reward
Signatures of all involved
Schedule for review of progress
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10
Q

Contracting guide

A

Involve the individual in some or all aspects of developing the contract
Select behavior-negotiate
Describe behavior, must be observable and measurable
Identify rewards
Identify mediator, collect data, and reward
Write understandable contract
Collect data
Troubleshoot the system if no improvement
Rewrite contract
Monitor, troubleshoot, rewrite for improvement

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11
Q

Group contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of a person within the group, a select of group members within the larger group, or each member of the group meeting a performance criterion

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12
Q

Consider using group contingencies when

A

Group of persons share certain problem
Unrealistic to set up individual programs
Difficult to identify the person responsible for x behavior
Singling out one person to reward may cause problems with peers

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13
Q

Types of group contingencies

A

Independent
Dependent
Interdependent

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14
Q

Independent group contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person’s meeting a performance criterion which is in effect for all members of the group

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15
Q

Dependent group contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behavior of one member of the group or the behavior of a select members within the larger group

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16
Q

Dependent group contingency is also known as

A

Hero procedure

Consequence sharing

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17
Q

Interdependent group contingency

A

A contingency in which reinforcement for all group members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group

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18
Q

Group average: Advantage

A

Group members may continue to work hard to meet criterion even when they see peers failing to meet the criterion

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19
Q

Group average: Disadvantage

A

Some group member may become “free riders”

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20
Q

Advantage of random selection with group contingencies

A

As it is uncertain who will be selected as the person to be evaluated, all members may work harder and try to meet the criterion

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21
Q

Advantages of group contingencies

A

May save time as do not need to design multiple programs
May be easier to implement that individualized programs
May work quickly
Takes advantage of natural peer-to-peer influence
Group members may encourage “hero” or all other peers
Group members may discontinue reinforcing undesirable behavior of “hero” or all other peers

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22
Q

Disadvantages of group contingencies

A

Peers may put too much pressure on the “hero” or other peers
If the “hero” does not earn the reward or if some peers lose the reward for the group, others may retaliate
Can be tricky to implement successfully depending on the makeup of the group
May have other undesirable effects

23
Q

Guidelines for implementing group contingencies

A

Choose powerful rewards
Determine the behavior to be strengthened or weakened
Set appropriate performance criteria
Combine with other procedures when appropriate
Select the most appropriate group contingency
Monitor individual and group performance

24
Q

Indiscriminable group contingency

A

Can be used with independent, dependent, or interdependent group contingencies
Members cannot predict which group members, target behaviors, settings, and/or times on which the reward will be contingent
Can be a powerful strategy for promoting generalization and maintenance

25
Q

Token economy

A

A system whereby participants earn generalized condition reinforcers as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors

26
Q

System development for token economies

A

Administrative issues
Ethical issues
Legal issues

27
Q

Components of token economies

A

What do we want the individual to do?
What kind of “token”?
What will help motivate the individual?

28
Q

Steps in designing a token economy

A

Select tokens
Identify target behaviors
Select back-up items that can be exchanged for tokens
Establish the ratio of earning and exchanging
Develop procedures
Field testing and training

29
Q

Select tokens

A 
Consider:
Client characteristics
Safety of the token
Difficulty to bootleg
Durability
Cost
Ease of delivery
30
Q

Identify target behaviors

A 
Mostly behavior to accelerate
Observable
Measureable
Clearly defined
Criteria for earning token(s)
31
Q

Select back-up items that can be exchanged for tokens

A

Try natural occurring activities/events before using contrived reinforcers
If individuals can get back-up reinforcers for “free,” tokens won’t be as effective
Can be tangibles, activities or privileges

32
Q

Back-up reinforcers as MOs

A

Highly preferred back-up reinforcers function as an establishing operation for positive reinforcement
They increase the effectiveness of tokens as reinforcement
Non-preferred back-up reinforcers function as a abolishing operation

33
Q

Establish the ratio of earning

A

Approximately how often you will deliver tokens for each behavior

34
Q

Establish exchange ratio and system

A

How many tokens are needed before they can exchange tokens

35
Q

Develop procedures

A

When to deliver tokens
When to exchange tokens
Plan for what happens when criteria are not met
Data collection system

36
Q

Delivering tokens/praise

A

Immediately after behavior

Use specific descriptive praise

37
Q

Field testing

A

Covertly record when tokens would have been delivered

38
Q

Training with tokens

A

Train staff

Train participants

39
Q

Advantages of token economy systems

A 
Powerful behavior change system
Immediate delivery of reinforcement
Does not interrupt task or activity
Depth and individualization
Facilitate money usage
Facilitates data collection
40
Q

Disadvantages of token economy systems

A 
Complex and cumbersome
Staff intensive
Requires constant monitoring
May be unnatural or intrusive
System eventually requires fading
41
Q

Phasing out token economy system

A 
Always pair tokens with praise
Gradually increase earning criteria
Increase cost of items
Switch to natural back-up reinforcers
Fade out physical tokens
Reduce amount of time in effect
Use self-monitoring and level system
42
Q

Level system

A

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up or down throughout a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level

43
Q

Best to use level systems when

A

Multiple behavior change targets
Behaviorally similar population
Similar target environments
Target population’s behavior is controlled, somewhat, by delayed or mediated contingencies

44
Q

Advantages of level systems

A

Simplifies staff training
Provides systematic guidelines for decisions
Can offset the individual differences that control decisions
May be used to fade out a token economy program

45
Q

Disadvantages of level systems

A

Can become punitive
Easily misused
Relying on level system too much

46
Q

Self-management

A

The personal application of behavior change tactics that produces a desired change in behavior

47
Q

Self-management strategies

A

Identify target behavior
Self-monitor
Identify discriminative stimuli and establishing operations
Arrange contingencies to support self-management
Identify immediate and delayed positive and negative consequences for engaging in the target behavior
Get an accountability partner

48
Q

Self-management strategies for problem behavior

A

Identify and display alternative responses that compete with and/or are incompatible with the target behavior
Identify private and public precursors

49
Q

Ways to self-manage

A

Providing prompts
Performing the initial steps of a behavior chain
Removing necessary items
Restricting stimulus conditions

50
Q

Advantages to self-management

A

Can lead to lasting change
Skills may contribute to a more efficient classroom, workplace, or home
Some people perform better under self-selected goals and standards
One of the ultimate goals of education
“feels good”

51
Q

Self-monitoring

A

A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior

52
Q

How to self-monitor

A

Recording when the target behavior occurs
Data are collected as behavior occurs
Need to make sure monitoring is accurate

53
Q

Self-monitoring is likely to be more effective if

A

The behavior is recorded immediately after it occurs
Effective prompts cue the person to observe and record regularly
Permanent product of the behavior or a record of its occurrence is made for evaluation

54
Q

Elements of teaching self-management

A

Self-selection and definition of the target behavior to be managed
Self-observation and recording
Specification of the procedures for changing the target behavior
Implementation of the self-management strategy
Evaluation of self-management program

ABA Contingency Contracting, Group Contingencies, Token Economies, and Self-Management (1 decks)

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