SAFMEDS Flashcards
A science that focuses on objectively defined, observable behaviors of social significance.
Applied Behavior Analysis
Correcting consequences of misbehavior by having restored the situation to a state vastly improved
Restitutional Overcorrection
Repeated practice of an appropriate alternative to a misbehavior
Positive Practice Overcorrection
A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior has been reinforced.
Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)
Behavior is emitted more often in the presence of the S^D than during its absence.
Stimulus Control
Tendency to respond to new stimuli that have similar physical properties to the trained stimulus.
Stimulus Generalization
The extent to which the learner performs a variety of functional responses in addition to the trained response.
Response Generalization
Behavior changes across settings, people, conditions.
Generalization
The extent to which the learner continues to perform the target behavior after training.
Maintenance
A document that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of a specified behavior and access to a specified reward (also known as a Behavioral Contract)
Contingency Contract
The withdrawal of positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified period of time
Time-out
Way of structuring a teaching environment to increase learning opportunities.
Discrete Trials
Any antecedent stimulus that is topographically identical to the behavior the trainer wants imitated.
Modeling
Systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior.
Behavioral Shaping
Any observable or measurable act
Behavior
A sequence of stimuli and responses that end in a S^R+
Behavior Chain
Functional Communication Training
FCT
A count of responses. Also referred to as event recording.
Frequency Recording
Approach to changing behavior based on direct observation and measurement
Behavioral Approach
The behaviors an individual is capable of performing
Behavioral Repertoire
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired it’s reinforcing properties by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer
Conditioned Reinforcer
The event that happens after a response
Consequence
The relationship between a response and a consequence
Contingency
Depends on a specific response
Contingent Reinforcement
The reinforcer is given following a prescribed appropriate behavior
DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Appropriate Behavior)
The reinforcer is given following a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior
DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible behavior)
The reinforcer is given at the end of an interval provided the behavior has not occurred
DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior)
The process of behaving one way in a situation and a different way in another situation
Discrimination
A stimulus that sets the occasion for a response to occur
Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)
Reinforcement is given if the behavior has occurred a pre-specified amount or less
DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior)
Reinforcement is given if the behavior has occurred a pre-specified amount or more
DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behavior)
Foods or drinks that function as positive reinforcers
Edible Reinforcer
Withholding the reinforcer
Extinction (EXT)
The # of times a behavior occurs in a specified amount of time
Rate
Another name for Event Recording
Frequency Counting
Reinforcing an average of number of responses
Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement
Reinforcing every time a behavior occurs
Continuous Schedule (CRF)
Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI)
Four types of intermittent schedules
Fixed Ratio 100, Reinforcing every 100th response
FR 100
Reinforcing every third occurrence
Fixed Ratio 3 (FR3)
Reinforcing every two minutes
Fixed Interval 2’ (FI2)
Most effective schedule for maintaining a learned behavior
Intermittent
Interobserver Agreement (IOA) is a measure of…
agreement among observers
# of times agree (divided by) # of times agree + # of times disagree X(times) 100
Formula for Interobserver Reliability (IOA)
A behavior that is controlled by its consequences
Operant Behavior
Frequency of behavior before intervention
Operant Level
A stimulus that when presented results in an increase or maintenance of the behavior
Positive Reinforcer
An event that decreases the probability of a response
Punisher
An event that increases the probability of a response
Reinforcement
R
Response
S^D
Discriminative Stimulus
A smile, phrase, attention, friendly remark, etc.
Social Reinforcer
S
Stimulus
Counting the number of beds made, tasks done, items marked….
Permanent Products
To use behavioral principle to change behavior is to apply a
behavioral procedure
A rule describing the relation between what a person does and specific conditions
Behavioral principle
One who employs behavioral procedures
Behavior Analyst
Behavior to be changed
Target Behavior
Breaking phenomena down into measurable components
Operationally Define
Clarify problems by defining…
Operationally
Record Behavior…
Immediately
Negative reinforcement is not…
Punishment
Two types of Consequences
Punishers and Reinforcers
Two types of Reinforcers
Conditioned and Unconditioned
Two principles for applying reinforcement
Positive and negative
Three factors used to identify Mental Retardation are age of onset, intelligence level ( IQ of 70 or below) and …
Adaptive skill level
Causes of Mental Retardation include genetics, socioeconomic factors and …
Medical
Three chromosomes vs. two chromosomes
Down Syndrome
Disorder where the X chromosome breaks off
Fragile X
Affects women only. Lack of X chromosome resulting in male physical traits
Turner’s Syndrome
Four levels of severity of Mental Retardation
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Profound
A severe childhood disorder marked by disruptions/disorders in language, socialization, emotional development, behavior, and attending skills
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)
Autism can occur in people of
Normal intelligence
Causes of autism are genetics, environment, and
Neurological abnormalities in brain
Signs of autism begin by..
15-18 months
Involves a clear psychiatric diagnosis in addition to Mental Retardation
Dual Diagnosis
An attempt to injure or inflict pain on oneself
Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB)
Four functions to behavior
Attention
Tangible/edible
Escape
Sensory
Realizing that people with disabilities can live well with adequate supports in society
Normalization
Sexual
Physical
Emotional
Verbal
Four types of abuse
Department of Children and Family Services
DCF
