SAFMEDS Flashcards by Lindsay Durant

A science that focuses on objectively defined, observable behaviors of social significance

Applied Behavior Analysis

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Correcting consequences of misbehavior by having to restore the situation to a state vastly improved

Restitutional Overcorrection

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Repeated practice of an appropriate alternative to a misbehavior

Positive Practice Overcorrection

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A stimulus in the presence of which a behavior has been reinforced

Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)

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Behavior is emitted more often in the presence of the S^D than during its absence

Stimulus Control

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Tendency to respond to the new stimuli that have similar physical properties to the trained stimulus

Stimulus Generalization

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The extent to which the learned performs a variety of functional responses in addition to the trained response

Response Generalization

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Behavior changes across settings, people and conditions

Generalization

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The extent to which the learner continues to perform the target behavior after training

Maintenance

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A document that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of a specified behavior and access to a specified reward (also known as a Behavioral Contract)

Contingency Contract

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The withdrawal of positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified period of time

Time-out

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Way of structuring a teaching environment to increase learning opportunities

Discrete Trials

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Any antecedent stimulus that is topographically identical to the behavior the trainer wants imitated

Modeling

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Systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior

Behavioral Shaping

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Any observable or measurable act

Behavior

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A sequence of stimuli and responses that end in a S^R+

Behavior Chain

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Functional Communication Training

FCT

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A count of responses, also referred to as event recording

Frequency Recording

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Approach to changing behavior based on direct observation and measurement

Behavioral Approach

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The behaviors an individual is capable of performing

Behavioral Repertoire

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a PREVIOUSLY NEUTRAL stimulus that has acquired its reinforcing properties by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer

Conditioned Reinforcer

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The event that happens AFTER a response

Consequence

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The relationship between a response and a consequence

Contingency

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Depends on a specific response

Contingent Reinforcement

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The reinforcer is given following a prescribed APPROPRIATE behavior

DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Appropriate Behavior)

The reinforcer is given following a behavior that is INCOMPATIBLE with the target behavior

DRI (Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior)

The reinforcer is given at the end of an interval provided the behavior has NOT OCCURED

DRO (Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior)

The process of behaving one way in a situation and a DIFFERENT way in another situation

Discrimination

A stimulus that sets the occasion for a response to occur

Discriminative Stimulus (S^D)

Reinforcement that is given if the behavior has occurred a pre-specified amount or LESS

DRL (Differential Reinforcement of Low Rates of Behavior)

Reinforcement is given if the behavior has occurred a pre-specified amount or MORE

DRH (Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behavior)

Foods or drinks that function as positive reinforcers

Edible Reinforcer

Withholding the reinforcer

Extinction (EXT)

The # of times a behavior occurs in a specified amount of time

Rate

Another name for Event Recording

Frequency Counting

Reinforcing an average of number of responses

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

Reinforcing every time a behavior occurs

Continuous Schedule (CRF)

``` Fixed Ratio (FR) Fixed Interval (FI) Variable Ratio (VR) Variable Interval (VI) ```

Four types of intermittent schedules

Fixed Ratio 100, reinforcing every 100th response

FR 100

Reinforcing every third occurrence

Fixed Ratio 3 (FR3)

Reinforcing every two minutes

Fixed Interval 2 (FI2)

Most effective schedule for MAINTAINING a learned behavior

Intermittent

Interobserver Agreement (IOA) is a measure of...

Agreement among observers

#of times agree / # of times agree + # of times disagree X 100

Formula for Interobserver Reliability (IOA)

A behavior that is controlled by its consequences

Operant Behavior

Frequency of behavior before intervention

Operant Level

A stimulus that when presented results in an INCREASE or MAINTENANCE of the behavior

Positive Reinforcer

An event that DECREASES the probability of a response

Punisher

an event that INCREASES the probability of a response

Reinforcement

Response

S^D

Discriminative Stimulus

A smile, phrase, attention, friendly remark, etc.

Social Reinforcer

Stimulus

Counting the number of beds made, tasks done, items marked...

Permanent Products

To use behavioral principle to change behavior is to apply a

Behavioral Procedure

A RULE describing the relation between what a person does and specific conditions

Behavioral Principle

One who employs behavioral procedures

Behavior Analyst

Behavior to be changed

Target Behavior

Breaking phenomena down into measurable components

Operationally Define

Clarify problems by defining...

Operationally

Record behavior...

Immediately

Negative reinforcement is not...

Punishment

Two types of consequences

Punishers and Reinforcers

Two types of Reinforcers

Conditioned and Unconditioned

Two principles for applying reinforcement

Positive and Negative

Three factors used to identify Mental Retardation are age of onset, intelligence level (IQ of 70 or below) and...

Adaptive Skill Level

Causes of Mental Retardation include genetics, socioeconomic factors and...

Medical

Three chromosomes vs. two chromosomes

Down Syndrome

Disorder where the X chromosome breaks off

Fragile X

Affects women only. Lack of X chromosome resulting in male physical traits

Turner's Syndrome

Four levels of severity of Mental Retardation

Mild Moderate Severe Profound

A severe childhood disorder marked by disruptions/disorders in language, socialization, emotional development, behavior and attending skills

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

Autism can occur in people of

Normal intelligence

Causes of autism are genetics, environment and

Neurological abnormalities in the brain

Signs of autism begin by...

15-18 months

Involves a clear psychiatric diagnosis in addition to Mental Retardation

Dual Diagnosis

An attempt to injure or inflict pain on oneself

Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB)

Four functions to behavior

Attention Tangible/edible Escape Sensory

Realizing that people with disabilities can live well with adequate supports in society

Normalization

Sexual Physical Emotional Verbal

Four types of abuse

Department of Children and Family Services

DCF