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Psych122 > SAFMEDS > Flashcards

SAFMEDS Flashcards

1
Q

A procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response.

A

Classic Conditioning

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2
Q

The process of teaching a new behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired response.

A

Shaping

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3
Q

The process by which our behaviors transfer to new situations or stimuli that we did not directly learn about.

A

Generalisation

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4
Q

Specialized cells in the nervous system that support the integrity of neurons.

A

Glia

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5
Q

A factor that varies systematically between experimental conditions, but is not the variable of interest.

A

Confound

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6
Q

An experimental design where each participant only takes part in a single experimental condition.

A

Between-Subjects Design

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7
Q

Chemicals secreted by neurons allowing information to be transmitted between cells.

A

Neurotransmitter

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8
Q

Brain structures located in the lower side portion of the cortex that are important in audtion (hearing) and language.

A

Temporal Lobes

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9
Q

An extension of the spinal cord, essential to life, controlling vital physiological functions such as heartbeat, circulation, and respiration.

A

Medulla

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10
Q

A branch of the autonomic nervous system, typically activated in response to threats to the organisms, which readies the body for ‘fight-or-flight’ reactions.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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11
Q

The ability to remember facts and experiences for longer than a minute.

A

Long-Term Memory

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12
Q

A technique for studying electrical activity occurring in the brain that involves placing electrodes on the scalp.

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

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13
Q

A set of principles that describe how sensory inputs are organized into meaningful patterns.

A

Gestalt Laws

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14
Q

Visual features of the environment that are used to make inferences about depth.

A

Monocular Cues

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15
Q

The organization of changing sensory inputs into percepts that are relatively stable in size, shape, and color.

A

Perceptual Constancy

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16
Q

The conscious “work-space” used for processing, retrieving, and manipulating infromation.

A

Working Memory

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17
Q

Better memory for information that is presented at the beginning and end of a sequence.

A

Serial-Positon Effects

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18
Q

A network of brain structures that is active when we are engaged in our own thoughts and reflections.

A

Default Mode Network

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19
Q

The tendency to seek out information that confirms one’s preconceptions.

A

Confirmation Bias

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20
Q

Those mental processes we engage when deciding how to act in a complex or novel situation where there might be significant immediate rewards or punishments.

A

Hot Cognitive Control

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21
Q

The measurement of electrical signals associated with muscle movements; commonly used to record facial expressions of emotion.

A

Electromyography (EMG)

22
Q

An emotion regulation strategy that involves reframing our understanding of a situation or event in order to change our emotional response to it.

A

Reapprasial

23
Q

The process of how children interpret actions or events in terms of present ways of understanding.

A

Assimilation

24
Q

The fourth stage in Piaget’s theory, beginning from 12 years onwards, where thought and reasoning becomes complex and abstract.

A

Formal Operational Stage

25
Q

A form of logical thinking where children understand that physical properties of objects remain unchanged even when their appearance changes.

A

Conservation

26
Q

A statement of the possible relationship between two variables, which is well grounded in what we already know.

A

Hypothesis

27
Q

Turning an abstract hypothesis into a concrete form that can be tested in a specific experiment.

A

Operationalizing

28
Q

The response an experimenter measures to see if the experimental manipulation has had an effect.

A

Dependent Variable

29
Q

The process whereby a behaviour is made more likely because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

Negative Reinforcement

30
Q

The non-delivery of reinforcers maintaining undesirable behavior.

A

Extinction

31
Q

The part of a neuron that includes the nucleus (which contains the genetic material) and other organelles, vital to cell functioning.

A

Cell Body

32
Q

Protein molecules in cells to which neurotransmitters can bind and pass information to other cells.

A

Receptors

33
Q

Chemical secreted by endocrine glands directly into blood stream.

A

Hormones

34
Q

Brain structures located in the rear portion of the cortex, involved in vision.

A

Occipital Lobes

35
Q

The condition that results when the corpus collosum has been surgically cut, blocking communication between the two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Split Brain

36
Q

A structure deep in the temporal lobes that is crucial for acquiring and retrieving memories for events or experiences.

A

Hippocampus

37
Q

A change in electiral activity that occurs following a particular event, that is detectable from electrodes placed on the scalp.

A

Event-Related Potential (ERP)

38
Q

A technique for measuring the structure of the brain or its activity during a particular task.

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

39
Q

Psychophysical law which states that the just noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to their intensity.

A

Weber’s Law

40
Q

Perceptual processing that is driven by our memory or knowledge of the world.

A

Top-Down Processing

41
Q

Old information interfering with the retrieval of new information.

A

Proactive Interference

42
Q

Superior memory for information rehearsed in sessions spread-out over longer testing intervals.

A

Spacing Effect

43
Q

Especially vivid memories of exciting or highly important events.

A

Flashbulb Memories

44
Q

A strategy we use to assess the frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve a similar example from memory.

A

Availability Heuristic

45
Q

A routine for carrying out a series of actions that develops with repeated experiences.

A

Script

46
Q

A theory of emotion that asserts that environmental events give rise to physiological responses and subjective feelings simultaneously.

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

47
Q

The dimension of emotional experience that ranges from pleasant (or positive) to unpleasant (or negative).

A

Valence

48
Q

A sub-cortical brain structure that is a central component in emotional brain networks.

A

Amygdala

49
Q

The third sub-stage in Piaget’s theory. Covering 7 to 11 years, where children show more organized and logical reasoning, but such reasoning remains anchored in real world situation.

A

Concrete Operational Stage

50
Q

Young children tend to focus on their own viewpoint and fail to understand that other people’s thinking can be different to their own,

A

Egocentrism

Psych122 (1 decks)

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