Safety & Intro Flashcards by Breanna Blask

The particle of an atom that has an negative charge is the:

Electron

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What are some of the physical properties of X-rays?

damages tissue
variable wavelengths
causes some substances to fluoresce

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X-rays are defined as a form of _____________ radiation.

Electromagnetic

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As the wavelength of X-ray photons shorten, the energy of the X-ray beam will:

Increase

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The ratio of hear generated from an X-ray is:

99%:1%

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The primary source of radiation

The patient

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What thing on the X-ray machine limits the size of the primary beam ad reduces secondary exposure?

Collimator

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Because of the heel effect, a technician would need to:

Place the thickest part of the patient toward the cathode side of the X-ray tube

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The workplace program that ensures radiation exposures are low as possible:

ALARA

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Minimum age for a person to take X-rays

18 years

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Minimum led thickness requirement for protective gloves/aprons :

0.5mm

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A grid with a ratio of 10:1 absorbs:

More scatter and requires greater exposure factors than a 5:1

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KVP controls the ________ of the X-ray machine

Quality

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The mAs controls the ______ of the X-ray machine

Quantity

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The transformer that controls the temp of the filament

Step-down transformer

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Exposure factor that accelerates the electrons from the cathode to the anode:

KVP

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Controls the temp of the cathode filament:

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What is Sante’s rule?

[2xthickness(cm)] + 40

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If you change SID, you must also change:

mAs

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The acceleration of the electrons and their ultimate striking energy is determined by the :

Kilovoltage (KVP)

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Minimum distance in feet for a safelight to be away from the work site in the dark room

4 feet

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If using blue/green sensitive films, you should also use a ____ safety light.

Red

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Main purpose of X-ray developer:

Convert the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver.

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Main purpose of fixer

Clear away unexposed, undeveloped silver halide crystals.

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Maximum intensity of safelight bulb

15 watts

To get more density on film you should ______ KVP and _______ mAs.

Increase kVp, do nothing to mAs because it doesn't affect density

Rare-earth screens are sensitive to:

Green range of light

A radiograph is dark, bones are grey, what should you do?

Decrease KVP

The pH of the fixer chemicals is:

Acidic

Ideal temp for the chemicals in manual radio graphic process:

68 degrees F

How should you store films?

Away from chemicals and sources of ionizing radiation , 10 - 15 degrees C, and have a humidity of 40-60%

Non screen film is often used for X-rays of the ________.

Teeth

An X-ray exposed to light and developed appear:

Black

An x ray developed before exposure to radiation appears:

White

A new X-ray taken directly from the box is:

Clear

Things about fast films:

- large silver crystals - has grainier image, less definition - less latitude in exposure factors

If radiograph is too light and image is under penetrated you should:

Increase KVP 10-15%

If radiograph is too dark and has adequate penetration you should:

Decrease mAs 30-50%

If film is too dark and Is over penetrated you should:

Decrease KVP 10-15%

You should decrease mAs by 50% if a dog is :

Neonatal

mAs should be increased by 50% if your takin a X-ray of a :

Animal with ascites

When can you take a tabletop X-ray?

When area of interest is 10cm thick

X-ray film cassettes have what kind of screens inside them that glow when irradiated?

Intensifying screens

What can you do to minimize X-ray radiation the most?

Narrow the collimator

When radiographing a distal extremity, a _______ scale of contrast is best.

Short

When you double the mAs, you _______ the intensity.

Double

What is a latent image?

Image on the film before exposure

What's the proper order for manual processing of an X-ray

Develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry

What light sensitive chemical is in the X-ray film?

Silver halide crystals

What is non screen X-ray film most sensitive to?

X-ray radiation

What type of X-ray film produces greatest detail?

Low speed

What X-ray film has greatest latitude, without change in density?

Slow

What's an advantage to using screen X-ray film over non screen film?

Requires shorter exposure times

A cloud of negative ______ radiation forms at the _______ side of the X-ray tube when the _______ is heated.

Electron, cathode, filament.

The filament is made of ________ and housed in the ___________ ____, which directs electrons towards the anode side of the X-ray tube.

Tungsten Focusing cup Anode

X-ray are produced when fast moving ___________ collide with matter, which is achieved when they hit the ________ of the target.

Electrons | Anode

Density is the degree of __________ on the radiograph.

Blackness

Electromagnetic waves behave as a __________ as well as a ______.

Partical as well as a wave.

Stationary anode is found in a ________ machine.

Mobile

Which type of anode produces a clearer image?

Rotating anode

High contrast radiographs are also known as ______ ______ and are needed for _______ studies.

Short scale | Bone

What does SID stand for? What's the standard?

Source imaging distance | Standard = 40in

What is the device that is used to measure the area of interest? Are animals measured in cm or in?

The caliper, measured in cm.

2 factors that affect density of film.

Number of X-rays that reach the film Developing time Penetrating power

What's a grid? Where is it located?

A device that absorbs scatter radiation. Located in Bucky tray.

What's a dosimeter? What's the most common one?

A device that calculates the amount of radiation that is absorbed by a person. Most common is dosimeter badge. [clip on you, near the neck]

What PPE's do you wear every time you take a x ray?

Gloves, led apron, and thyroid shield.

3 methods of reducing exposure

Reduce retakes Rotate the people who restraint Only the people helping stay in room

Under exposed , too light

Increase KVP or mAs

Overexposed , too dark

Decrease KVP or mAs

X-rays have adequate penetration

Change mAs by 30-50%

X-rays inadequately penetrated

Change KVP by 10-15%

Low contrast is for

Soft tissue studies

What are the types of grids?

Parallel Focused Pseudo focused Crisscross

What does MPD stand for?

Maximum permissible dose

What does ALARA stand for?

As low as reasonable achievable

Cells most sensitive to radiation:

Growth cells, Cancer cells, Reproductive cells.

Most common effects of excessive radiation are:

Somatic and genetic radiation

MPD of someone in a occupational job

0.05 sv/year

MPD for non-occupational job

0.005 sv/year