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safety Flashcards

1
Q

The late effects of radiation, carcinogenesis and genetic effects, are considered to
1 have no threshold dose.
2 be indirectly related to dose.
3 occur within hours of exposure.

A

1 have no threshold dose.

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2
Q

What is (are) the major effect(s) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation?
Malignant disease
Chromosome aberration
Cell death

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

d 1,2,3

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3
Q

The term used to describe the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter is

A
attenuation

B
absorption

C
scattered radiation

D
secondary radiation

A

a attenuation

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4
Q

Which of the following types of adult tissue is (are) comparatively insensitive to effects of ionizing radiation?
Epithelial tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

2 and 3

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5
Q

Which of the following statements regarding dual x-ray absorptiometry is (are) true?
It is a low-dose procedure.
Two x-ray photon energies are used.
Photon attenuation by bone is calculated.

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
1 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

1,2,3

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6
Q

If 1 - 10 Gy or more is received as a whole-body dose in a short period of time, certain symptoms will occur; these are referred to as

A
short-term effects.

B
long-term effects.

C
lethal dose.

D
acute radiation syndrome.

A

d acute radiation syndrome

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7
Q

X-ray photon beam attenuation is influenced by

  1. tissue type.
  2. subject thickness.
  3. photon quality.

A
1 only

B
3 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

d) 1,2,3

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8
Q

Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure are generally represented by which of the following dose-response curves?

A
Linear threshold

B
Linear nonthreshold

C
Nonlinear threshold

D
Nonlinear nonthreshold

A

b linear nonthreshold

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9
Q

Which type of dose–response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects?

A
Linear, threshold

B
Nonlinear, threshold

C
Linear, nonthreshold

D
Nonlinear, nonthreshold

A

linear nonthreshold

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10
Q

Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latent period?

A
Leukemia

B
Temporary infertility

C
Erythema

D
Acute radiation lethality

A

a leukemia

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11
Q

The source of electrons within the x-ray tube is via

A
electrolysis.

B
thermionic emission.

C
rectification.

D
induction.

A

b thermionic emission

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12
Q

What is the relationship between LET and RBE?

A
As LET increases, RBE increases.

B
As LET increases, RBE decreases.

C
As LET decreases, RBE increases.

D
There is no direct relationship between LET and RBE.

A

a) as LET increases, RBE increases

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13
Q

Possible responses to irradiation in utero include
spontaneous abortion
congenital anomalies
childhood malignancies

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

D) 1,2,3

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14
Q

Which of the following is the term used to describe a skin dose that exceeds 15 Gy?

A
Genetically significant dose

B
Sentinel event

C
Threshold dose

D
Relative risk

A

B sentinel event

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15
Q

What is used to account for the differences in tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation when determining effective dose E?
Tissue weighting factors (W t )
Radiation weighting factors (W r )
Absorbed dose

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

1 only

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16
Q

The frequency of an x-ray photon is

1. Directly proportional to its wavelength
2. Directly proportional to its energy
3. Inversely proportional to its wavelength
4. Inversely proportional to its energy

A
3 only

B
1 and 4

C
2 and 3

D
2 and 4

A

c) 2,3

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17
Q

Which of the following is (are) associated with Compton scattering?

  1. High-energy incident photons
  2. Outer-shell electrons
  3. Characteristic radiation

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

b) 1,2

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18
Q

The positive electrode of the x-ray tube is the

A
capacitor

B
grid

C
cathode

D
anode

A

d) anode ( think positive, A for anode)

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19
Q

What is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon’s energy to matter?

A
Absorption

B
Scattering

C
Attenuation

D
Divergence

A

b) scattering

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20
Q

The Gray may be described as

A
disintegrations per second.

B
ions produced in air.

C
energy deposited in an absorber.

D
biologic effects.

A

c) energy deposited in an absober

21
Q

Which of the following is not considered a somatic effect of radiation exposure?

A
Cataracts

B
Mutation effects in offspring

C
Thyroid cancer

D
Leukemia

A

b) mutation effects in offspring

22
Q

The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all the following except

A
central nervous system

B
gastrointestinal

C
neonatal

D
hematologic

A

c) neonatal

23
Q

Which of the following methods is used to focus the electrons on the anode target of the x-ray tube?

A
Emitting them separately

B
Focusing them through a narrow port

C
Electrostatic repulsion

D
Using a lens system

A

c) electrostatic repulsion

24
Q

When the radiographer selects kilovoltage on the control panel, which device is adjusted?

A
Step-up transformer

B
Autotransformer

C
Filament circuit

D
Rectifier circuit

A

B) autotransformer

25
Q

The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect

A
will be greater than if it is delivered all at one time

B
will be less than if it is delivered all at one time

C
has no relation to how it is delivered in time

D
solely depends on the radiation quality

A

B) will be less that if it is delivered all at one time

26
Q

A metal added to the cathode filament of an x-ray tube to increase thermionic emission and extend filament life is

A
aluminum.

B
molybdenum.

C
rhenium.

D
thorium.

A

d) thorium

27
Q

If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body in a single dose, its effect

A
will be greater than if it were delivered in a number of doses over a long period of time.

B
will be less than if it were delivered a number of doses over a long period of time.

C
has no relation to how it is delivered in time.

D
is solely dependent on the radiation quality.

A

a) will be greater than if it were delivered in a number of doses over a long period of time

28
Q

The dose required to cause erythema in 50% of those exposed is roughly

A
5 Gy

B
10 Gy

C
15 Gy

D
20 Gy

A

a) 5GY

29
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total absorption of the incident photon?

A
Photoelectric effect

B
Compton scattering

C
Coherent scattering

D
Pair production

A

a) photoelectric effect

30
Q

All diagnostic x-ray photons produced in the x-ray tube have which of the following characteristics?

  1. Monoenergetic
  2. Ionizing
  3. Travel at the speed of light

A
1 and 2 only

B
1 and 3 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

c) 2,3

31
Q

Skin erythema follows a ____________________ dose response relationship.

A
Stochastic, Non-threshold

B
Deterministic, Threshold

C
Stochastic, Threshold

D
Deterministic, Non-threshold

A

B) deterministic, Threshold

32
Q

Which of the following radiographic factors will affect x-ray quantity?
Kilovoltage-peak (kVp)
Source-image-distance (SID)
Beam filtration

A
1 only

B
2 only

C
3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

d) 1,2,3

33
Q

the energy of an L characteristic ray is equal to the

A
difference in energy between the K and L shells.

B
difference in energy between the L and M shells.

C
energy of the incoming electron.

D
energy of the incoming electron minus the energy of the L shell.

A

b) difference between L and m

34
Q

during x-ray production at the target anode, which of the following interactions yields a photon of discrete energy?

A
Compton production

B
Bremsstrahlung production

C
Characteristic production

D
Pair production

A

c) characteristic production

35
Q

Examples of potential late effects of ionizing radiation on humans can include
leukemia
genetic defects
malignant disease

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
1 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

d) 1,2,3

36
Q

Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of the incident photon energy to the involved atom?

A
Photoelectric effect

B
Compton scattering

C
Coherent scattering

D
Pair production

A

b) compton scattering

37
Q

The average energy of a Bremsstrahlung x-ray photon in the x-ray emission spectrum is ______ the kilovoltage-peak (kVp) selected by the radiographer.

A
one-half of

B
one-third of

C
two-thirds of

D
equal to

A

B) one third

38
Q

X-rays within the x-ray beam that do not reach the image receptor during a radiographic exposure of an anatomic part describes which of the following?

A
Filtration

B
Attenuation

C
Off-focus radiation

D
Leakage radiation

A

B) attenuation

39
Q

Which of the following is (are) considered especially radiosensitive tissues?
Bone marrow
Intestinal crypt cells
Erythroblasts

A
1 and 2 only

B
1 and 3 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

d) 1,2,3

40
Q

The target theory applies to

A
spermatagonia

B
oocytes

C
lymphocytes

D
DNA molecules

A

D) DNA

41
Q

A dose of 250 mGy to the fetus during the fourth or fifth week of pregnancy is more likely to cause which of the following:

A
Spontaneous abortion

B
skeletal anomalies

C
neurologic anomalies

D
organogenesis

A

B) skeletal anomarlies

42
Q

Types of secondary radiation include
1. scattered.

  1. leakage.
  2. primary.

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

b) 1,2

43
Q

Which of the following produces a potential difference within the x-ray tube during an exposure?

A
mA

B
mAs

C
Ohms

D
kVp

A

D) KVP

44
Q

Stochastic effects of radiation are those that
have a threshold
may be described as “all-or-nothing” effects
are late effects

A
1 only

B
1 and 2 only

C
2 and 3 only

D
1, 2, and 3

A

c) 2,3

45
Q

Which of the following cells is the least radiosensitive?

A
Myelocytes

B
Myocytes

C
Megakaryocytes

D
Erythroblasts

A

b) myocytes

46
Q

Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested

A
in the descendants of the exposed individual

B
during the life of the exposed individual

C
in the exposed individual and his or her descendants

D
in the reproductive cells of the exposed individual

A

b

47
Q

Medical and dental radiation accounts for what percentage of the general public’s exposure to human-made radiation?

A
10%

B
50%

C
80%

D
90%

A

d) 90

48
Q

How is the intensity of an x-ray photon affected after each time it scatters?

A
Its intensity increases 4 times.

B
Its intensity increases 1000 times.

C
Its intensity decreases 4 times.

D
Its intensity decreases 1000 times.

A

d

49
Q

For a given exposure, the amount of scatter radiation produced by a large patient compared to that of a smaller patient is

A
less than a smaller patient

B
approximately equal to a smaller patient

C
slightly less than a smaller patient

D
more than a smaller patient

A

d

boards safety (2 decks)

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