Safety Flashcards
Any light, scaffolding, or equipment malfunctions that are possible hazards should be?
Reported to the appropriate person.
Abrasive blasting at high pressures is a dangerous operation. ___ ___ is a top priority on any job where this is done.
Operator Safety.
It is essential that all site personnel are?
Well protected.
Never get in ___ ____ of an abrasive blast.
The path.
Abrasive particles can travel up to 1___ mph and with the safe effect as a 2?
- 450 mph
2. Shotgun blast.
While abrasive blasting is in progress:
- Allow only the ____ within the vicinity of the blasting.
- Display prominent ___ ___.
- Ensure a ___ ___ (___ ___) is on alert.
- ___ all ___ to ensure it operates properly and safely.
- Allow only the blaster within the vicinity of the blasting.
- Display prominent warning signs.
- Ensure a lookout (Pot man) is on alert.
- Test all equipment to ensure it operates properly and safely.
While abrasive blasting is in progress:
- Allow only the ____ within the vicinity of the blasting.
- Display prominent ___ ___.
- Ensure a ___ ___ (___ ___) is on alert.
- ___ all ___ to ensure it operates properly and safely.
- Allow only the blaster within the vicinity of the blasting.
- Display prominent warning signs.
- Ensure a lookout (Pot man) is on alert.
- Test all equipment to ensure it operates properly and safely.
The CI should be familiar with and, when appropriate, know how to use the following protective equipment:
- ___.
- ___.
- Heavy protective ___ and ___.
- ___ and ___ protection.
- Hood.
- Respirator.
- Heavy protective gloves and clothing.
- Eye and Hearing protection.
Since blast operators are required to ___ the equipment, CI’s need to know how to do that in order to verify that it has been properly done.
Ground
Site safety must conform to applicable worker protection ___ and ___.
Rules and Regulations.
Other than PPE an abrasive blasting operator wears the ____ ___. It is perhaps the most important safety feature.
Deadman’s Switch.
Essential safety components for blasters are their PPE. Typically these include:
- ___ ___ ___.
- ____.
- Strong ___ ___.
- Air fed ___ ___, incorporating a replaceable ___ and ___ ___.
- ___ ___
- Steel Toe Boots.
- Respirator.
- Strong leather gloves.
- Air fed blasting helmet, incorporating a replaceable visor and leather cap.
- Hearing Protection.
When coating application is being performed, all personnel on site must be aware of the tremendous damage that can result from a small quantity of a vaporized volatile substance that is both a health and explosion hazard.
Personnel need to be aware of the health hazards in solvent fumes, toxic fumes, finely atomized metals, vapor mists, and dust dispersed in the air. These are all health and explosion hazards.
Workers have been killed by explosions when painting in confined spaces. One accident occurred when the workers, because of a toxic hazard, were properly breathing fresh air through masks.
They were killed suddenly by an explosion. The concentration of toxic vapor in the air was within the explosive range and, when an extension light bulb broke, the vapor ignited and killed several men.
Workers have been killed by explosions when painting in confined spaces. One accident occurred when the workers, because of a toxic hazard, were properly breathing fresh air through masks.
They were killed suddenly by an explosion. The concentration of toxic vapor in the air was within the explosive range and, when an extension light bulb broke, the vapor ignited and killed several men.
___ ___ indicates the fire or explosion hazard of a flammable substance.
Flash point.
Coatings and solvents are sometimes categorized by their flash point temp. Low flash point solvents are those with a flash point below typical storage temperatures ___ and are the most hazardous to store and/or use. When concentrations of these volatile vapors are sufficient, even hot surfaces can ignite them.
- 73F
___ ____ is essential to keep the solvent content of the air below the lower explosive limit.
Adequate ventilation.
___ ___ discharges may also ignite solvent vapors. To reduce this hazard, ground the spray equipment and ensure connections are electrically continuous.
Static Electricity
___ ___ also creates a certain amount of overspray, hazardous vapors, and toxic fumes. This is true even under ideal conditions and there is no way to avoid it entirely. Mitigate hazards to personnel by ensuring they use respirators appropriate for the specific vapors and fumes.
Spray Finishing.
Even if the concentration of flammable gas or vapors in the air is blow the LEL, it may still be far above the safe limit for?
Breathing.
In general, aromatic solvents, such as Xylene and Toluene, are hazardous than aliphatic solvents such as mineral spirits. Unfortunately, mineral spirits are rarely used in high-performance coatings but relatively hazardous solvents are still widely used.
Aromatic solvents are used almost exclusively in some synthetic paints, such as lacquer and vinyls, and to a greater or lesser degree in oleoresinous paints such as phenolic varnish and some alkyds.
In general, aromatic solvents, such as Xylene and Toluene, are hazardous than aliphatic solvents such as mineral spirits. Unfortunately, mineral spirits are rarely used in high-performance coatings but relatively hazardous solvents are still widely used.
Aromatic solvents are used almost exclusively in some synthetic paints, such as lacquer and vinyls, and to a greater or lesser degree in oleoresinous paints such as phenolic varnish and some alkyds.
Allowable concentrations for the 1___ solvents are greater than for the 2___ solvents, but in every case the MAC for breathing is far less that the LEL.
- Aromatic solvents.
2. Aliphatic solvents.
The MAC for breathing is always lower than the?
LEL. Lower explosive limit.
Allowable concentrations for the 1___ solvents are greater than for the 2___ solvents, but in every case the MAC for breathing is far less that the LEL.
- Aromatic solvents.
- Aliphatic solvents.
Aromatic solvents are much more hazardous then the Aliphatic type.
The MAC for breathing is always lower than the?
LEL. Lower explosive limit.
The common use of low flash point solvents (such as MEK or acetone) as 1___ ___ can be extremely hazardous, particularly in enclosed areas.
Universal thinners.
Protect both spray and brush painting against breathing dangerous concentrations of coatings containing 1___ or ___. In addition to adequate ventilation, spray removal, respirators, and air filters, ensure workers clean themselves thoroughly before eating and before leaving the job, Works must thoroughly cleaning contaminated clothing before reuse.
Lead or Chromates.
A mast work over the mouth and nose to prevent the inhalation of over spray, fumes and vapor?
- Respirator.
Is is critical to ensure that air-supplied respirators deliver fresh and pure air. The common practice is using plant air (air taken from a factory supply) is dangerous if the air is contaminated by a compressor or operations elsewhere in the plant. Always ensure ___ and ___ ___ are fitted in line before use by the sprayer or brush painter.
Filters and Warning Monitors.
There are four primary types of protective respirators available.
- Air supplied ___ or ___.
- Air supplied ___.
- ___ ___ (cartridge) respirators.
- Filtering face-piece respirators (___ or ___ masks)
- Air supplied helmets or hoods.
- Air supplied masks.
- Organic vapor (cartridge) respirators.
- Filtering face-piece respirators (paper or dust masks)
Air supplied helmet/hood respirators cover the entire head and neck area and supply the wearer with clean, dry air at low pressure through a filtered supply. These provide the most ___ means of protection because they protect the wearer from heavy concentrations of fumes, vapor, dust and dirt that can harm respiratory organs, eyes, ears, and skin.
- Complete.
These are used when other types of respirators are either impractical or do not form inside the hood or helmet.
These respirators are commonly required when coating work takes place in confined spaces, such as tanks and may be mandatory when certain coatings, (Those containing isocyanates) are spray applied.
Air supplied mask respirators operate from an external air supply and may cover the nose and mouth only, or may cover the full face. They do not provide the degree of protection against splashes, etc, that a helmet/hood respirator does.
If a full face respirator is not used, workers must wear eye protection, such as goggles.
Organic vapor respirators cover the nose and mouth and incorporate cartridges designed to remove organic vapors by 1___ ___. Use the correct cartridges and replace them as needed.
Chemical absorption.
For organic respirators to be effective ensure there is a?
Workers should wear goggles or other eye protection as required.
Complete seal between the mask and face.
Sprayers or helpers may use dust respirators, but is most coating applications they are not effective and are probably 1___.
The cartridges of these respirators remove only 2___ particles from the air (produced by sanding, buffing, grinding.) and are not designed to remove vapors. Workers should wear appropriate eye protection when required.
- Illegal.
2. Solid.
Safety recommendations for proper PPE are usually on the manufacturers?
Workers should always wear the specified clothing.
SDS
Airless spray equipment safety precautions are essentially the same as with conventional, with one very important exception.
Airless spray operates on the principle of forcing materials at very high pressure, through a very small opening. The atomization of the material is so effective that liquids can pass through a membrane like 1___ ___ without breaking it.
- Human Skin.
Injection of solvents or other fluids though the skim damages local tissue and can get into the blood stream. Localized swelling occurs and continues to occur until the pressure is relieved.
Proper treatment involves cutting open the skin of the affected area to release the pressure of toxic chemicals. The resulting wound may be substantial. If accidental injection is not treated immediately, it can result in loss of a limb or even prove fatal.
An accidental injection is the most unlikely of all safety precautions. However, remember to take anyone accidentally injected to the doctor immediately. even if the injury seems minor.
Delay may cause loss of limb or death.
Use all equipment in accordance with OSHA or Health and Safety at Work Act, or the covering standards for the specific country where the job site is located.
Some additional rules for airless spray safety are:
Never leave a pressurized unit unattended. Shut off the unit, relieve the pressure, may sure the trigger safety is engages and power is off.
Ensure all fluid connections are high pressure related airless spray fittings and are securely tightened and checked before each use.
Ensure the fluid hose is electrically grounded to reduce the hazard of static electricity sparking.
Ensure the coating and solvent manufacturers safety precautions and warnings are followed.
Report any unsafe conditions or practices.
Confined spaces that requires permits to enter have inherent hazards that all personnel involved in coating operations need to know and understand. Most owner/operators require workers to attend a detailed class for confined spaces safety. Those who need permit required confined space training are
Permit issuer or company area supervisor.
Quality Assurance Manager.
Permit recipient or on-site supervisor.
Authorized on site attendant or standby, linkman, entrants, and authorized alternatives.
Confined spaces that requires permits to enter have inherent hazards that all personnel involved in coating operations need to know and understand. Most owner/operators require workers to attend a detailed class for confined spaces safety. Those who need permit required confined space training are
Permit issuer or company area supervisor.
Quality Assurance Manager.
Permit recipient or on-site supervisor.
Authorized on site attendant or standby, linkman, entrants, and authorized alternatives.
Explosive Atmosphere.
Any atmosphere that will ignite when there is a proper mixture of gases, vapors, and air.
The designated Authority is.
This is a senior person in charge of the coating operation.
Confined Space.
Any space that is not routinely or continuously occupied, is enclosed or can be sealed thereby limiting ventilation. Has a restricted entry or exit and could contain or produce dangerous concentrations of airborne contaminants or asphyxiates.
Flammable material.
Any material that will ignite when there is a proper mixture of air, gases, and vapors.
Oxygen deficiency
Is any atmosphere that an an oxygen concentration of 19.5 percent or less.
Oxygen Enriched atmosphere.
Any atmosphere having 22 percent oxygen content or more.
Hazardous/toxic atmosphere.
Any substance or atmosphere that has the capacity to produce personal injury, illness or death to humans though ingestion, inhalation, or body-surface absorption.
Acceptable environmental condition.
A confined space workplace where uncontrolled hazardous atmospheres and/or physical hazardous conditions are not present.
Entry/work permits.
Are part of the system that controls all work performed in and around permit required confined spaces. All work in these spaces must be approved by the responsible operations persons.
Pre-entry job site ‘check list’ systems are?
a part of the procedures by which the on-site job supervisor conducts a pre-entry on-site job assignment orientation meeting include contents of entry and work permits, personnel and work assignments. Safety check results and emergency procedures.
Safe Clearance Procedure
Is a process that secures potential physical hazards.
Blanking and blinding.
Is the absolute closure of a pipeline, or duct, by fastening a solid plate or cap across the bore, completely covering it.
Double block and bleed.
The closure of a line, duct, or pipe by locking and tagging any drain or vent that is open to the atmosphere and located in the line between two locked-closed valves. Lock out/tag out (LOTO)
Standoff Blind
Is used to isolate an enclosed space. The blind is used to cap the side of the system that must be sealed off, but leaves the other side of the system open to the atmosphere.
Hot tap
Any connection made to a pipeline, tank, or other equipment, that contains flammable material that has not been cleared and prepared for cutting using conventional construction methods.
Emergency
Any occurrence (including failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment) or event , internal or external, to the confined space that could endanger entrants.
Engulfment is?
is when a person is surrounded and effectively captured by a liquid or finely divided solid substance.
Permit issuer:
Is the person responsible for issuing confined space entry, or work, permits.
Permit recipient.
Is an onsite supervisor who receives the permit for the group performing of work.
Standby/attendant
Is the person responsible for protecting others and their equipment from hazards associated with the confined space entry and associated works such as “hot work: The attendant is stationed outside the space. This person monitors the authorized entrants specifically listed on the confined space entry permit.
Hot work
Any work that produces a spark or flame, such as welding or grinding.
Linkman
Is the alternate person assigned responsibility for the communication link between the standby and the workers inside the permit required confined area.
Entrant
Is the person(s) authorized to enter the permit required confined space to do the assigned work. Alternatives must be trained in the permit-required confined space entry regulations and be ready to act as stand-ins for other workers.
Operating area
Is any area under the supervision of operations personnel, including but not limited to, loading docks, tank farms, offshore platforms, separators, vapor recovery units, or fire foam houses., etc.
Personal entry
Is when any part of a persons body passes though the boundary of an enclosed space, including ensuing work in that space.
Rescue teams
Are the contractors pre-approved and prearranged personnel responsible for rescuing people inside the permit-required confined space in an emergency.
Permit required confined spaces can become unsafe as a result of:
- Atmospheric contamination by ___ or ___ vapors, ___ deficiency or excess ___.
- Physical Hazards such as ___ or ___ ___ located inside the space.
- Inadvertent admission of ___, ___, or ___ during occupancy.
- An event or occurrence that ___ the___ from help in case of need or rescue.
- Atmospheric contamination by toxic or flammable vapors, oxygen deficiency or excess oxygen.
- Physical Hazards such as agitators or moving parts located inside the space.
- Inadvertent admission of liquids, gases, or solids during occupancy.
- An event or occurrence that isolates the occupants from help in case of need or rescue.
Confined space ratings include:
Class A: (IDLH) A measured/tested confined space that has conditions immediately dangerous to life or health. (IDLH) These conditions include, but are not limited to:
- Oxygen deficiency of ___ percent or less.
- Oxygen enrichment of ____ or greater.
- ___ or ____ atmospheres, ___ or greater of LEL.
- Acute IDLH concentrations of ___ ___.
This space requires full 5___ ___ equipment and ___ personnel.
- 19.5 percent or less.
- 23.5 percent or greater.
- Explosive or flammable atmospheres, 10% or greater of LEL.
- Toxic substances.
- This space requires full life support equipment and standby personnel.
Confined space ratings include:
Class B: A measured/tested dangerous confined space that is not immediately life threatening.
It’s conditions include:
- The potential to cause injury and illness if ___ and/or ___ measures such as isolation, ventilation, and/or respirators are not taken.
- The oxygen level is ___ to ___.
- A ___ to ___ percent LEL.
- Less than a ____ level of toxicity.
- Preventative and/or control.
- 16.1 to 19.4 percent.
- 10 to 19 percent LEL.
- IDLH
Confined space ratings include:
Class C: A measured/tested confined space with potential hazards from work procedures, but not one that requires any special modification of the procedures/atmosphere. Authorized/unauthorized entrants could cause a hazard to arise though their action, such as welding while in a confined space. Conditions are:
- Oxygen level is ___ to ___ percent.
- Has a ___ percent LEL or less.
- The ___ levels are less than ___ levels.
This space does not require full life support or a cartridge respirator but does require standby personnel.
- Oxygen level is 1935 to 19 percent.
- Has a 10 percent LEL or less.
- The toxicity levels are less than contamination levels.
Class D: A documented low-hazard confined space that can be entered without the need for __ ___ or an ___. Entrants can perform repetitive entries but not any process or procedure which may cause a hazard (i.e. Hot Work) without obtaining a new or amended work or entry permit.
Life Support or an attendant.
Inspectors need to know the pre-job checklist for permit requiring spaces. These are some of the items which may be included on the checklist.
- Know the job-site assignments, the onsite supervisor, standby person, linkman, the entrants and alternatives.
- Know the location of personnel assignments.
- Know if the work is hot.
- Know the proper place to park personal vehicles.
- Know what restrooms, water fountains, and break facilities are for the workers.
- Discuss the work to be performed, the procedures, and the specification.
- Discuss any restrictions on site.
- Discuss the emergency procedures, rescue plan, terminals list phone numbers, local and terminal fire dept. numbers, hospital/ambulance services, etc.
- Know the emergency numbers, wash stations, rescue team, etc.
- Know the terminal location.
- Know the contractors personnel
- Inspect the contractors equipment.
- Know all onsite personnel responsibilities.
- Confirm the on-site supervisors daily report is completed and accurate.
- Go over the on-site safety guidelines, and facility specific requirements for personnel, testing and safety equipment.
- Confirm the on-site supervisor witnesses required vapor/atmosphere testing and that the official work permit is issued and signed.
- Ensure authorized contractor adheres to requirements for permit required confined space entry.
Conditions in and around permit-required confined spaces vary greatly depending on the classification of the confined space, it’s configurations, and the hazards of the materials used and processes to be done.
Two common hazards are?
Flammable atmospheres and toxic substances.
The term ___ ___ refers to the fuel to air ratio which can ignite only when components in the atmosphere are within certain levels.
Flammable atmosphere.
Flammable Atmospheres :
It ___ ignite when the ration of oxygen to combustible material in the air is neither too rich, nor tool lean for combustion to occur.
Cannot.
Flammable Atmospheres cannot ignite when the ___ is the minimum concentration of flammable vapors in the air below which propagation of flame does not occur.
LEL
Flammable atmospheres:
The ___ is the maximum concentration of flammable vapors in the air above which fire does not occur on contact with an ignition source, often referred to as “Too rich to burn.”
UEL
Flammable atmospheres:
The LEL and UEL explosive limits for most petroleum products are between ___ and ___ hydrocarbon vapors by air volume.
1 to 10 percent.
Combustible gasses or vapors accumulate when there is inadequate ___ in confined spaces.
Ventilation.
Flammable gases such as acetylene, butane, propane, hydrogen, methane, natural or manufactured gases, or vapors from liquid hydrocarbons, can be trapped in confined spaces since many gasses are ___ than air, they seek lower levels in tanks and various other vessels.
Heavier
In a closed-top tank, tighter than air gases can rise and develop a flammable concentration if ___ ___ the ___.
Trapped above the opening.
Toxic Substances may be present in permit required confined spaces. These are classified as?
Irritants an Corrosives (either acutely or chronically toxic.)
Irritants are substances that cause ___ an ___ (Possibly painful) injuries that heal without scars and produce no known after effects.
Minor and transient.
Corrosives are substances that destroy ___ and leave ___ ___. Examples of corrosive substances are hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid and caustics such as lye.
Tissue and leave permanent scars.
Acutely toxic (primary) substances, with only a single dose or short term exposure, can cause symptoms ranging from a simple headache or nausea to ___ or ___.
Disablement or death.
Examples include:
Chlorine, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, Nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, sulfure dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and Ozone
Chronically toxic (Secondary) substances are those that can produce ___ impairment with long term latency such as cancer, or with gradual progression such as pulmonary obstructive disease. In some cases, these substances can adversely affect reproductive organs.
Psychological impairment.
Examples include, Benze, carbon tetrachloride, Ethyl chloride, trichloroethane, Trichloroelthlene, Chloropropene, and chloride.
To completely isolate Class A and B spaces, the pipe should first be blanked at the 1___ with ___ ___ or ___ as appropriate.
Blanks should be capable of withstanding the maximum 2___ ___ or the __ of the ___.
Each blank should have a 3___ on the pressure side to ensure a leak proof seal.
- Flanges with valves locked or closed.
- Working pressure or the load of the line.
- Gasket.
To completely isolate Class A and B spaces, the pipe should first be blanked at the 1___ with ___ ___ or ___ as appropriate.
Blanks should be capable of withstanding the maximum 2___ ___ or the __ of the ___.
Each blank should have a 3___ on the pressure side to ensure a leak proof seal. This should be made of a 4___ ___ ___.
- Flanges with valves locked or closed.
- Working pressure or the load of the line.
- Gasket.
- Chemically non-reactive material.
In addition to blanking, pumps and compressors that serve the lines entering the confined space should be locked out to prevent 1___ ____. Two types of isolation are needed. Electrical and Mechanical.
- Accidental Activation.
Electrical isolation/lock out prevents accidental activation of moving parts that could be hazardous. Ensure the 1___ ___ and/or disconnects are locked in the open/off position with keypad type lock. The only key should remain with the person working on the unit. If there is more than one worker, each person should place his/her own lock on the 1___ ___. In addition to the lockout system there should be an accompanying tag that identifies the operation and prohibits activation of the system.
- Circuit Breakers
To Mechanically isolate moving parts, such as linkage, drivebelts, or chains, the 1___ or ___ should be disconnected. Equipment with moving parts should be 2___ to prevent accidental mechanical movement.
- Controls or levers.
2. Blocked.
To prevent unexpected hazards from developing, make sure all 1___ and 2__ operating systems that might endanger workers are 3 ___ ___, ___ ___, ____, and ___ ___.
- Electrical
- Mechanical.
- Blanked off, locked out, misaligned and tagged out.
Training is required for both supervisors and workers, although the content of each safety meeting may vary, each session should focus on ensuring that:
Each workers immediate supervisor reviews the safe work procedures ___ to that workers job, and knows how these safe work procedures protect against risk and danger.
Specific.
Training is required for both supervisors and workers, although the content of each safety meeting may vary, each session should focus on ensuring that:
Each worker knows when ___ is required or necessary and how to use/maintain the equipment.
PPE
Supervisors (Inspectors) inspectors are key figures in successful job-site safety programs and have special duties concerning the safety of workers.
The inspector may have the primary responsibility for the actual implementation of the job-site safety program especially as it related directly to the job site.
Supervisors are responsible for knowing:
1 ___ and ___ hazards to which workers are exposed.
- How to recognize ___.
- ___ ___ of those hazards.
- ___ and ___ to maintain a safe work space.
1 safety and health hazards to which workers are exposed.
- How to recognize hazards.
- Potential effects of those hazards.
- Rules and procedures to maintain a safe work space.
This information must be conveyed to workers on site. Supervisors must investigate accidents according to the accident investigation policies stipulated by the specification.
The purpose of a safety meeting is to convey safety info and answer worker questions.
Use these meeting to review, in language understandable to every worker, the content of the safety program, special work site hazards, serious concealed hazards and SDS’s.
The day the supervisor reviews a portion of the contrators safe work practices contained in the safety manual or other related safety informaion.
Whenever a new practice or procedure is introduced into the work place, thoroughly review it for safety.
Safety is a two way street. Supervisors can preach safety but only workers can practice it. Safety education requires worker participation. Conduct a safety meeting for all workers, every day.
The workers can discuss how the safety program applies to their actual job assignments. Ask them to read and discuss a section of the manual and review how the general safety rules apply to specific situations.
No one should undertake a job that seems?
Unsafe
No one is expected to undertake a job until he/she has received adequate ___ ___ and is authorized to perform the task.
Safety instructions.
____ safeguards must be kept in place.
Mechanical.
Workers must ___ any unsafe conditions.
Report.
Any work related injury or illness must be ___ at once.
Reported.
PPE must be used when and were required. All such equipment must be ___
Maintained.
It is extremely important to communicate to working the commitment to safety and make sure they are familiar with the ___ of safety.
Elements.
If a person is afraid of heights, that person should not be on a tank, bridge, or tower.
Respecting heights, however, is different. .
Respect of heights does not mean a person is afraid, it means that person is a great deal ___ ___.
More Careful.
In this industry, working at heights can range from a few feet to several hundred feet above the ground water. If workers are uncomfortable their concentration will be diverted and they will be a hazard to themselves and others. There are three important safety factors when working at heights.
Attitude
Alertness
Common Sense.
Inspectors on the job site are responsible for their own safety, including:
- ___ of own physical limitations.
- Knowledge of the ___ and ___ for the job.
- The ___ of fellow workers.
- The ___ to report any unsafe act or accident.
- Knowledge of own physical limitations.
- Knowledge of the rules and requirements for the job.
- The safety of fellow workers.
- The duty to report any unsafe act or accident.
Inspectors on the job site are responsible for their own safety, including:
- ___ of own physical limitations.
- Knowledge of the ___ and ___ for the job.
- The ___ of fellow workers.
- The ___ to report any unsafe act or accident.
- Knowledge of own physical limitations.
- Knowledge of the rules and requirements for the job.
- The safety of fellow workers.
- The duty to report any unsafe act or accident.
The 1___ is responsible for providing 2__ ___ . The 3___ is required to provide 4___ ___ for inspection.
- Owner.
- Fall protection (i.e. Harnesses)
- Contractor.
- Safe Access
The leading cause of workplace death in the construction industry?
Falls.
Scaffolds shall be provided for all work that cannot be safely done by workers standing on 1___ or ___ construction at least 2__ inches wide, except such work that can be safely done from ladders.
- Permanent or solid.
2. 20 inches
Scaffolds shall be provided for all work that cannot be safely done by workers standing on 1___ or ___ construction at least 2__ inches wide, except such work that can be safely done from ladders. There are two exceptions to this rule.
- Permanent or solid.
2. 20 inches
Exception to Scaffolding rule no. 1.
Work of a limited nature and of short duration when the permanent or solid construction is less that 1___ inches in width and the fall distance does not exceed 2___ ___ in height and provided adequate risk control is recognized and maintained under competent supervision.
- 20 inches.
2. 15 feet.
Scaffolding rule exception no 2.
Work of a short duration from joists or similar members at 1___ ___ or closer centers, planks resting on members forming a plank platform 2___ wide or equivalent protection.
- 2 feet.
2. 12 inches side.
Scaffolds must be constructed of 1___ or other suitable material such as 2___ or ___ members of known strength characteristics.
- Wood
2. Steel or aluminum.
Where materials other than wood are used, or where scaffold designs differ from those specified, the scaffold and it’s parts must provide a degree of 1___, ___ and ___ ___ to that provided by the described scaffold it replaces.
Strength, rigidity, safety equivalent.
Anchoring and bracing shall be such that scaffolds and false work will be prevented from ___, ___ or ___.
Swaying, tipping, or collapsing.
Scaffold lumber, except for planks, used on suspended or ladder jack scaffolds, shall be the equivalent of :___ ___, free from damage that will affect it’s strength.
Selected Lumber.
Scaffold lumber, except for planks, used on suspended or ladder jack scaffolds, shall be the equivalent of :___ ___, free from damage that will affect it’s strength.
Selected Lumber.
Extension planking of the finger type shall be made with at least 5 fingers on each side. These fingers shall be at least 1-inch by 2-1/8 inch selected straight grained Douglas fir or material of equal strength.
The length of extended planking shall not exceed 12 feet 6 inches and the actual mechanical overlap between the 2 halves shall not be less than 1/8 of the length of the extended planking. A substantial stop shall be provided to maintain this overlap.
Not more than one employee at a time shall be permitted on any extension planking that is more than three feet in height. Extension planking shall not be used as a platform on ladder-jack suspended or other unstable scaffolds.
The erection and dismantling of scaffolds or false-work shall be performed under the supervision and direction of a qualified person.
