Safety Flashcards
What is biological contamination?
The presence of living organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or agents derived from these organisms, and mammal or bird antigens that negatively affect human health
What pathogens are often associated with biological contamination?
Cyclospora, Hepatitis A, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes,
What crops are particularly susceptible to biological contamination?
Salad greens such ads spinach and lettuce.
What are sources of E. coli O157-H7 contamination?
Contaminated manure, tainted irrigation waters, contaminated sewage sludge, or farm workers who practice poor sanitation.
What are strategies for reducing risk of biological contamination of minimally processed vegetables?
Gamma irradiation, chlorination, and modified atmosphere packaging, all in combination with storage at low temperatures.
Why is it important to compost manure?
During composting, temperatures increase from 25°C–58°C (77–136°F) due to bacteria and yeast metabolism, which inactivates human pathogens. If the composting process fails to reach the 58°C (136°F) threshold temperature for inactivation or if the duration of composting is insufficient, the compost may harbor biological contaminants.
Do irrigation methods affect the risk of vegetable contamination?
Yes. Drip or trickle irrigation systems have lower risk of crop contamination because water is applied directly to the soil and not vegetable tissues. Sprinkler irrigation wets the entire vegetable surface, increasing the risk of crop contamination.
What do GAP and GHP stand for?
Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good Handling Practices (GHP). They refer to any collection of specific methods, which when applied to agriculture, produce the objectives of the proponents of those practices.
What is a primary objective of most GAP programs?
To help preserve water and soil resources from the risk of biological contamination.
What are GAPs as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN?
Broad-based principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economic, social, and environmental sustainability.
What are the four overarching principles of the FAO GAP program?
- Economically and efficiently produce sufficient (food security), safe (food safety) and nutritious food (food quality).
- Sustain and enhance natural resources as a component of food production.
- Maintain viable farming enterprises and contribute to sustainable livelihoods of people involved in agricultural production.
- Meet cultural and social demands of society.
How do the USDA guidelines differ from the FAO guidelines.
Unlike the FAO guidelines, the USDA guide¬lines focus on food safety, and do not address topics such as animal welfare, social sustainability, biodiversity, or the use of antibiotics and hormones.
