Sacrum II

Question 1

Describe the seated flexion test.

Answer 1

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Question 2

Describe the gapping test.

Answer 2

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Question 3

Describe the backwards bending test

Answer 3

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Question 4

Describe the lumbosacral spring test.

Answer 4

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Question 5

What does it mean to have a bilateral sacral flexion? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of bilateral flexion?

Answer 5

This bone is held in a position analogous to
exhalation (base anterior and apex posterior)

Diagnostic criteria:
- Bilateral deep sacral sulci
- Bilateral posterior inferior lateral angles
- Bilateral symmetry (caudal vs. cephalic) of inferior
lateral angles
- Negative seated flexion test (actually bilaterally
positive)
- Negative lumbar spring test

Question 6

What does it mean to have a bilateral sacral extension? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of bilateral extension?

Answer 6

This bone is held in a position analogous to
inhalation (base posterior and apex anterior

Diagnostic criteria:
- Bilateral shallow sacral sulci
- Bilateral anterior inferior lateral angles
- Bilateral symmetry (caudal vs. cephalic) of inferior
lateral angles
- Negative seated flexion test (actually bilaterally
positive)
- Positive lumbar spring test (hits bone)

Question 7

What does it mean to have a forward sacral torsion? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of forward sacral torsions?

Answer 7

A forward sacral torsion indicates that the free (non-axis) side of the base moves forward.

Diagnostic criteria:
1) Inferior lateral angles are less than one thumb’s
distance apart in caudal/cephalic presentation
2) Non-axis side Sulcus is deeper
3) Axis side ILA is posterior/inferior
4) Motion test results:
- Backwards bending (Sphinx) test
- sulci become more symmetrical
- Negative Lumbar Spring test (Good spring at base)

ex. R on R OR L on L

Question 8

What does it mean to have a backwards sacral torsion? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of backwards sacral torsions?

Answer 8

A backwards sacral torsion means the free (non-axis) side of the base moves backward. This drives the ILA on the axis side forward

Diagnostic criteria:
1) Inferior lateral angles are less than one thumb’s
distance apart in caudal/cephalic presentation
2) Non-axis side Sulcus is shallow
3) Axis side ILA is anterior/superior
4) Motion test results:
- Backwards bending (Sphinx) test
- sulci become more asymmetrical
- (+) Lumbar Spring test (restricted spring at base)

ex. R on L OR L on R

Question 9

What does it mean to have a unilateral flexions? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of unilateral flexions?

Answer 9

The side of the unilateral flexion is held in flexion, so the ILA is more inferior/posterior.

Diagnostic Criteria:
1) ILA’s are more than a thumb’s distance
apart in the caudal/cephalic plane.
2) Flexion = "F"alling ILA
3) Motion Test:
- Lumbosacral Spring Test = negative
- Backwards Bending test = more symmetry

Question 10

What does it mean to have a unilateral extension? What are the criteria for the diagnosis of unilateral extensions?

Answer 10

The side of the unilateral extension is held in extension, so the ILA is more superior/anterior

Diagnostic Criteria:
1) ILA’s are more than a thumb’s distance
apart in the caudal/cephalic plane.
2) Extension = “E”levated ILA
3) Motion Test:
- Lumbosacral Spring Test = positive
- Backwards Bending test = more asymmetry

Question 11

True or false: In sacral torsions and unilateral flexions, the seated flexion test will be positive on the same side off the axis.

Answer 11

FALSE; In sacral torsions, the seated flexion test will be positive on the opposite side off the axis.

Question 12

list the movements of L5 on S1 with each of the above sacral disorders

Answer 12

L5 and S1 move in opposite directions of each other