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sac 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristics of low income countries: economic

A
  • trade: limited range of industries, usually farming and primary production.
  • extreme poverty: hugh levels of extreme poverty
  • debt: low levels
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2
Q

characteristic middle income countries: economic

A
  • trade: transition experiencing increasing trade opportunities and growing econimies.
  • extreme poverty: high levels of extreme poverty
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3
Q

characteristics of high income countries: economic

A
  • trade: wide range of industries: mining, processing, manufacturing, education, healthcare, scientific research and technology
  • poverty: high incomes and low levels of poverty
  • debt: high
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4
Q

characteristics of low income countries: enviromental

A

infastructure: lack the infrastructure, knowledge and production capabilities.
- safe water and sanitation: limited access in low income countries
- adequate housing: lack access tto adequate housing especially in urban slums
- carbon monoxide emissions: susceptible to impacts of climate change

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5
Q

characteristics of middle income countries: enviromental

A

infastructure: process of building infrastructure and developing trading links around the world.
- safe water and sanitation: availible to many middle income countries
- adequate housing: lack access to adequate housing especially in urban slums
- carbon monoxide emissions: susceptible to impacts of climate change

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6
Q

characteristics of high income countries: enviromental

A

infrastructure: roads, ports and airports enables global trade. well developed piped water. sewerage systems, electricity and telecommunitcation systems.
- safe water and sanitation: availible to high income countries.
- food security: have access to quality food
- adequate housing: access to gigh quality housing
- carbon monoxide emissions: tend to emit more Co2 per person

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7
Q

characteristics of low income countries: social

A
  • gender equality: females do not have the same opportunities. (education and spend time collecting water, preparing meals and working fields)
  • birth rates: high birth rates (limited contreception, carer choices, education, gender equality and culture)
  • education and employment: poor education system and families need to pay for children to attend school.
  • social security.
  • health care system:lomited.
  • access to technology: low.
  • legal systems: unjust and diverse
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8
Q

middle income courites: social

A
  • gender equality: more equal
  • birth rates: high
  • education and employment: greater education opportunities
  • social security: generally no security
  • health care system: lack
  • access to technology: limited
  • legal systems: some unjust
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9
Q

high income countries: social

A
  • gender equality: high levels; both have equal opportunities
  • birth rates: low
  • education and employment: high
  • social security: high, governments provide.
  • healthcare system: access
  • legal systems: strong and stable.
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10
Q

life expectancy of high middle and low income

A

high- 80.6yrs
middle- 70.6yrs
low- 61.3yrs

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11
Q

under 5 mortality rate:

A

worldwide 16000 children died before their 5th birthday everyyear and 5.9 million children died before their 5th birthday in a year (2015)
around 90% of these deaths occur in middle and low income countries

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12
Q

factors impacting U5MR

A
  • nutrition health status of mother
  • health and literacy of mothers
  • levels of immunisation available
  • income and food availibility
  • availability of clean water and sanitation
  • safety of childs enviroment
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13
Q

causes of U5MR

A
  • malnutrition
  • diarroea
  • malaria
  • HIV
  • AIDS
  • measles
  • whooping cough
  • tetanus
  • TB
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14
Q

factors influencing maternal mortality

A
  • adolescent mothers
  • lack of birth attendants present
  • lack of health care pre and post birth
  • poor nutrition
  • malaria and aids during pregnany
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15
Q

health status

A

an individuals or a populations overall health taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors

WHEN WE THINK OF HEALTH STATUS WE THINK OF: LIFE EXPECTANCY,
MORTALITY,
MORBIDITY,
BURDEN OF DISEASE

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16
Q

burden of disease

A

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability, burden of disease is measured in DALY

17
Q

impact of access to water on HAW: physical

A

increases the risk of diseases such as chloera. contributing to dehydration and malnutrition. collecting water can take several hours and is dangerous work, increasing the risk of injury and physical exhasustion

18
Q

impact of access to water on HAW: social

A

reduces the amount of time and chance for woman and children to participate in their community and school. this impacts their ability to make friends and develop relashionships and strong communication skills in their school enviroment

19
Q

impact of access to water on HAW: mental

A

may cause stress for woman who need to provide wtaer for their family

20
Q

impact of access to water on HAW: spiritual

A

having to vollect water, and the impact of the unsafe water on the health status and health and wellebing can result in feelings of hopelessness and thought of ‘why me’ this can then lead to negative impacts on spiritual health and wellbeing

21
Q

impacts of safe water on health status and burden of disease

A
  • increases infant mortality rates through using dirty water in infant formula.
  • increased spread of illness such as disrroeah, cholera, malaria and hook worm
  • lower life expectancy results from high infant mortality due to water borne illness
  • a lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under nutritionm
22
Q

impacts of poverty on health and wellbeing: spiritual

A

living in poverty means that people do not have the means to meet their basic needs. not being able to provide for your family impacts spiritual health and well being due to feeling as though you are unable to make a difference or to break the poverty cycle. you can lose your spirit hope and purpose

23
Q

impacts of poverty on health and wellbeing: physical

A

not being able to afford a stable, varied and nutritious food supply leads to malnutrition, impacting physical health and wellbeing. with the body unable to function efficiently your ability to perform daily tasks such as working or attending school is impacted reducing chances to earn an income

24
Q

impacts of poverty on health and wellbeing: mental

A

may be impacted due to feelings of inadequacy and not being able to make decisions and think clearly. when ill and stressed, ones ability to think logically and process information is directly impacted

25
Q

impact on health status and burden of disease: poverty

A
  • increases in the burden of disease attributed to malnutrition and associated illness due to food insecurity.
  • lower life expectancy due to reduced access to health care, food and a decent standard of living high infact and maternal mortality rates
  • low rates of immunisation, increasing rates of communicable dieases.
26
Q

inequity and discrimmination

A

-all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, equality and freedom from discrimination are basic human rights.

27
Q

race

A
  • racial discrimination is when a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent, nationality or ethnic origin or immigrant status- australian human rights commission.
  • occurs throughout the world daily, impacting those of low, middle and high income, countries and is particularly damaging to mental health
28
Q

religion

A
  • impacts low, middle, high income countries
  • often results in the inability to realise their human rights and participate in their community.
  • can restrict access to public education, health services and employment.
  • extreme cases can result in some people being arrested or killed.
  • in australia people of the muslim and jewish faith have been targeted
29
Q

sex

A
  • refers to the physological characteristics including DNA and sax organs present inn an individual at birth
  • when woman have the same power and control over their lives s men their health status improves.
  • the impacts of discrimination are felt more heavily in low and middle income groups/ countries and girls rights are often not protected therefore early marrige, child labour and exploitation.
  • results in woman having fewer opportunities in relation to education, income and employment
30
Q

gender identity

A
  • how individuals perceive themselves as more fortunte a blend of both or neither.
  • higher raters of mental disorder
  • higher rates of physical or sexual assult
  • increased rates of self harm including suicide
  • 80% of worlds 1 billion smokers now live in low and middle income countries
31
Q

alcohol

A
  • consumption is rising in low and middle income countries.
  • associated with 3.5% of global deaths annually.
  • still a concern in high income countries/ australia however access to health care may reduce the measurable impacts of alcohol missuse.
  • increased rates of liver disease, CVD and cancer
32
Q

processed foods

A
  • marketing in low and middle income countries as led to people consuming diets higher in saturated fats/sugar contributing to more energy dense diets than their traditional meals
  • large increase in life style diseases such as type 2 diabetes
  • double burden of diseases felt with malnurtrition and obesity being issues
33
Q

high income money:

A

above $12476

34
Q

upper middle countries income

A

between $4036 and $12476

35
Q

lower middle income

A

between $1026-$4036

36
Q

low income mpney

A

$1025 or less

37
Q

what is GNI

A

(gross national income)
the value of a countries total annual income, expressed in US dollars and ivided by its population to indicate the average income of the countries citizens

health and human sac 4 (1 decks)

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